Show:
Protocols & Theory
mdx
OVX and aging
Spaceflight & disuse
Brock University
100

This protocol consists of a 70Hz volley every 2 s for 3-5 min.

Fatigue protocol

100

In 1984, Bulfield et al. discovered the mdx mouse, which, through a spontaneous mutation in its dystrophin gene, also exhibits a lack of dystrophin protein. In their paper, they found that the mice had myopathy through histological staining and elevated (blank).

serum creatine kinase

100

The removal of the ovaries through ovariectomy surgery leads to an abrupt decline in this hormone.

Estrogen

100
Spaceflight leads to muscle wasting and weakness, particularly in these type of muscles that exhibit tonic activity patterns to withstand the never-ending downward pull of gravity. 

Postural

100

In this year, Brock University officially opened its doors!

1964

200

This technique uses motion mode to capture left ventricular morphology and function.

High-frequency ultrasound

200

In the 2024 Nature Communications paper, Marcella et al. found that muscle-specific GSK3 knockdown and pharmacological inhibition of GSK3 led to a (blank)- shift in the EDL fatigue curves from mdx mice.

rightward

200
According to Bianca Marcella's master's thesis, OVX mice treated with this natural GSK3 inhibitor (and at what dose) rescued bone mineral density, musculoskeletal strength, and endurance in female OVX mice. 

Lithium (50 mg/kg body mass per day)

200

According to Braun et al., ~1 month of spaceflight severely impairs SERCA function through an increase in these species. 

Reactive oxygen species

200
The Dean of the Faculty of Applied Health Sciences.

Dr. Peter Tiidus

300

In the final step of this experiment, researchers will add a dollop of clear nail polish on the coverslip. 

Fibre typing

300

According to Wasilewicz et al., housing mdx mice at this temperature worsens dystrophic pathology. 

Thermoneutrality or thermoneutral temp at 28-30C

300

Female OVX mice experience declines in novel object recognition, which is a result associated with an increase in this enzyme's activity in the prefrontal cortex. 

BACE1

300

According to Baranowski et al., approximately 1 month of spaceflight led to a (blank - change of direction) in GSK3 content in the soleus. Bonus 200 if you can explain why.

decrease - slow-to-fast fibre type shift with glycolytic fibres having less GSK3.
300

This Latin phrase, meaning "push on," was thought to be the last words of Sir Isaac Brock. 

Surgite

400

This assay relies on the reduction of copper(II) sulfate by amino acids, followed by a colorimetric conversion with (blank) to form the colour purple.

Bicinchoninic acid (BCA)

400

According to Hamstra et al., treating young D2 mdx mice with tideglusib rescued this feature in the heart. 

Diastolic function

400

Unlike the OVX mouse, this mouse model shows a decline in cardiac SERCA activity and calcium uptake.

VCD

400
Upon return from space, the soleus muscles of female mice will exhibit impairments to what in the soleus muscle?

Fatigue

400

All of these departments belong to the Faculty of Applied Health Sciences at Brock University.

KINE, NURSING, HLSC, SPMA, RECL


500

This compound is added to reaction buffers to create pores in plasma membranes so that calcium can move freely.

Calcium ionophore (A23187)

500

According to Copeland et al., treating mdx mice with GSK3 inhibitors, alone or in combination with exercise, improved this measure during a novel-object recognition test.

% novel object recognition and/or spatial memory

500

According to the findings of Hockey et al., age-associated reductions in muscle mass and strength, along with increases in fat mass and adiposity, may be mitigated through the knockdown of this specific protein. 

GSK3

500

What goes up gets passed down. According to Braun et al., functional impairments of this enzyme in the soleus with spaceflight seem to be passed down to future generations. 

SERCA - calcium uptake

500

In Brock's coat of arms, these 4 animals can be found.

1. Beaver

2. Badger

3. Eagle

4. Serpent