Intro & Chem
(Ch 1 & 2)
(Ch 1 & 2)
What does LUCA stand for?
Last Universal Common Ancestor
What is the chemistry of carbon also known as?
Organic chemistry
Phospholipid bilayer
What is metabolism?
The totality of ALL of an organisms' chemical reactions
What are the 2 components of the cell cycle?
1. Interphase
2. Mitotic (M) phase
What are the 2 different types of cells?
Hint: not animal & plant
1. Prokaryotic
2. Eukaryotic
The majority of cells is composed of carbon: TRUE or FALSE?
FALSE!
(cells are 70% to 95% water)
What are the 2 types of proteins found in cell membranes?
1. Transmembrane proteins
2. Peripheral proteins
What are the 2 laws of thermodynamics?
1. Energy can't be created/destroyed
2. Energy wants to go towards entropy & is lost as heat
What are the 3 components of interphase?
1. G1
2. S
3. G2
What are the 4 things all cells have?
1. Outer membrane
2. Cytoplassm
3. Genetic material
4. Ribosomes
What are the 3 types of isomers?
1. Structural isomers
2. Cis-trans isomers
3. Enantiomers
How is the diffusion of water facilitated by a cell membrane?
(aka what protein is responsible)
Aquaporins
What is the energy carrier of a cell?
(and what does it stand for)
ATP: adenosine triphosphate
What are the 5 components of M phase?
1. Prophase
2. Prometaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase (& Cytokinesis)
What are the 4 most abundant elements in living organisms?
1. Carbon (C)
2. Hydrogen (H)
3. Oxygen (O)
4. Nitrogen (N)
What are the requirements to be an enantiomer?
1. asymmetrical carbon
2. bonded to 4 different things
Describe a molecule that will pass the most quickly & easily through a cell membrane.
(hint: 3 components)
1. Small
2. Nonpolar (hydrophobic)
3. Gasses
(ex. O₂)
What type of bonds are present between the enzyme & the substrate?
Non-covalent interactions
(ex. hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions)
What is the most important part of M phase?
(no wrong answer, judged based on explanation)
Answers will vary
What determines how reactive an atom is?
Valence: # of electrons needed to fill an electron "shell"
Why are we carbon-based and not silicon-based?
C—C bonds are stronger and shorter than Si—Si bonds
CO₂ is a gas while SiO₂ is a solid
What are the 3 types of passive transport?
What are the 2 types of active transport?
What are the 2 types of bulk transport?
3: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
2: pumps & cotransport
2: endocytosis & exocytosis
What is the ΔG for ENDERgonic and EXERgonic reactions?
For both, which has more energy: products or reactants?
ENDERgonic: +ΔG, products have more energy
EXERgonic: -ΔG, reactants have more energy
If humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total),
how many chromosomes are in S phase?
how many sister chromatids are in S phase?
46 chromosomes
92 sister chromatids