Innate/Adaptive Immunity
These cells arrive early and in great numbers at the site of inflammation.
What are neutrophils?
This type of hypersensitivity reaction is responsible for contact dermatitis caused by poison ivy.
What is a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
A type IV hypersensitivity reaction is cell-mediated. In poison ivy, T-cytotoxic cells and macrophages cause localized skin inflammation without antibody involvement, making it a classic delayed hypersensitivity reaction.
Review all 4 hypersensitivity reactions.
This stage of the infection process is characterized by movement of microorganisms across mucous membrane barriers.
What is invasion?
Review process of infection: transmission, invasion, colonization, dissemination.
A patient was referred to an oncologist after presenting to their primary care provider with a large, painless lump in their armpit. The oncologist explains the diagnosis is this type of lymphoma due to the presence of Reed-Steinburg cells found during biopsy.
What is Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
This advancement has become the fourth major approach in cancer treatment, alongside surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.
What is immunotherapy?
Immunotherapy seeks to activate immune responses against tumor cells by:
Initiating an immune response
Boosting a currently inadequate immune response
Converting a tumor-protective immune response to a destructive one
Immunotherapy assists the immune system to recognize and destroy malignant cells.
This is the term for disembowelment. A surgical wound opens up and tissue or organs come out.
What is evisceration?
Review Dysfunctional Wound Healing
Receiving a vaccine so the body develops antibodies without having to become sick with the disease is an example of this type of immunity.
What is active acquired immunity?
Review the difference between active and passive immunity.
[Active: The body produces its own antibodies in response to antigens
Passive: Antibodies are received from an external source]
During this stage of infection, the patient begins to have vague clinical symptoms, as the pathogen has already invaded but is not yet present in large numbers.
What is prodromal?
Review stages of infection: incubation, prodromal, invasion or acute illness, convalescence.
This type of anemia can also lead to severe neurological issues such as paresthesias and even memory loss.
What is pernicious anemia?
This is because of the vitamin B12 deficiency. Folic acid deficiency can also cause some neurological issues, but milder than B12 deficiency.
Secreting this factor enables cancer cells to to invade local blood and lymphatic vessels.
What is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)?
This is one way cancer cells are able to spread to distant tissues (metastasis).
This is the natural immune response you are born with.
What is innate immunity?
Review the first line of defense barriers.
Know the difference between innate and adaptive and which cells are associated with each.
This type of hypersensitivity reaction is responsible for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
What is autoimmune?
SLE is an autoimmune hypersensitivity reaction. It results from autoantibody production and immune complex deposition, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage, particularly in the kidneys, skin, and joints.
A combination of antiretroviral medications taken for life is the treatment for this virus.
What is HIV?
Antiretroviral treatments (ART) are the treatment for HIV. ARTs must be taken for life as there is no cure for HIV/AIDS.
These signs would be expected in a patient with thrombocytopenia.
What are: abnormal bleeding (bleeding from gums, nose, IV sites, blood in urine, etc.), prolonged bleeding time, easy bruising, petechiae.
Thrombocytopenia = low platelets.
Review the function of platelets.
This infectious agent is associated with cervical and anogenital cancers.
What is Human papillomavirus (HPV)?
In addition to causing infections, some viruses can initiate cancer cell growth in host cells. Some examples of these viruses are: HPV, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and Hepatitis B and C.
The B-cells mature into these cells that will go on to produce antibodies to a specific antigen.
What are plasma cells?
Review adaptive immunity.
Note: Multiple myeloma lacks these cells leaving the patient at risk for infection.
This is one of the most common primary immunodeficiency disorders in infants.
What is Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)?
SCID syndrome is one of the most common primary immunodeficiency disorders in infants. It is a congenital disorder that results from abnormal development or maturation of immune cells, leading to significant defects in both cellular and humoral immunity.
In some patients, pathogens can trigger an over production of inflammatory cytokines leading to a systemic, dysregulated, harmful overreaction of the immune system known as a _______ _______.
What is a cytokine storm?
In the patient with sickle cell anemia, this causes the Hgb S to take a sickle shape. These sickled-shaped hemoglobin can then get clumped together and cause a vaso-occlusive event.
What is a low oxygen level or dehydration?
Note: a sickle cell crisis is extremely painful. Pain management is a must! The vaso-occlusive event is managed with opioids, IV fluids, oxygen, rest, and blood transfusion if needed.
Quitting smoking, eating less processed foods, increasing fiber intake, avoiding UV rays are examples of ways to _______ cancer.
What is prevent?
Review TABLE 12.6
WCRF/AICR Summary of Recommendations to Promote Health and When Implemented for a Population Will Promote the Prevention of Cancer and Many Chronic Disease Conditions
This immunoglobulin (Ig) is the dominant antibody in bodily secretions such as tears and saliva.
What is IgA?
Review the different immunoglobins (IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM)
This type of hypersensitivity reaction is responsible for rejection of a transplanted organ.
What is alloimmune?
Alloimmune reactions occur when the immune system recognizes transplanted tissue as foreign and attacks it.
Review the different transplant reactions: hyperacute, acute, chronic
These are some ways that can lead to bacterial antibiotic resistance, and a "superbug".
What are: not completing the entire course of antibiotics, sharing antibiotics with others, taking antibiotic for a non-bacterial infection, taking expired antibiotics.
The bacteria can undergo genetic mutation and gene transfer to make themselves more virulent.
Blood transfusions are required to treat this autosomal recessive disease that presents in early childhood with deceased hemoglobin. It is more prevalent in families of Mediterranean or Southeast Asian descent.
What is thalassemia?
Understand general patho, signs/symptoms of thalassemia. You do not need to differentiate between alpha or beta.
This cancer mechanism allows tumor cells to spread to survive despite signals triggering apoptosis.
What is resisting cell death?
Resisting cell death allows cancer cells to survive despite signals that would typically trigger apoptosis. This contributes to tumor persistence.
apoptosis=programmed cell death