The Scientific Method
What is a quantitative observation?
An observation based on numerical data.
Why are energy pyramids shaped like a pyramid?
Each level gets smaller because of energy is transferred into heat and lost into the atmosphere.
What is the formula for photosynthesis?
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy (Sunlight) → 6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆
What does cellular respiration do?
Breaks down sugars to make usable energy (ATP).
Why are plants able to make their own food, while animals have to eat plants or other animals?
Plants can do photosynthesis, animals cannot.
What is the purpose of a control group?
To compare your experimental results to.
If producers contain 10,000 calories in total, how many calories would the secondary consumers have?
100 calories.
What cells do plants need to go through photosynthesis?
Chloroplast, thylakoid/grana, and chlorophyll.
What is the stage of cellular respiration that can still function after oxygen had been removed from the organism?
Glycolysis.
What are the four macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Which axis does the independent variable typically go?
The X-Axis.
Arrange the following terms in order of the the smallest group to the largest:
population, community, organism, biosphere, ecosystem
Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere.
What is a catalyst and what is the catalyst in photosynthesis?
Catalyst is the thing that precipitates a change. Sunlight is the catalyst in photosynthesis.
What cells are needed for cellular respiration?
Cytoplasm and mitochondria (matrix and inner membrane)
What is an autotroph and what is a heterotroph?
Autotrophs make their own food; Heterotrophs have to take energy from other organisms.
Researchers are trying to determine the effectiveness of sugar in changing your heart rate:
Group 1 is given 50 grams of sugar
Group 2 is given no sugar
Scientists then measured their heart rate; a higher heart rate is proportional to the amount of sugar they had.
Group 1’s average heart rate was 80
Group 2’s average heart rate was 71
Which group is the control group? Which group is the experimental group?
Group 2; Group 1.
What are the differences between density-independent and density-dependent factors? Provide examples of each.
Density-independent factors do not have any probabilities that are controlled by the population density of surrounding species (Ex. Natural Disasters). Density-dependent factors do have probabilities that are controlled by the population density of surrounding species (Ex. Disease, Predators).
How do the light-dependent and independent reactions work with each other?
Light-dependent reactions make energy that the light independent reactions use to make sugars.
What does cellular respiration produce when no oxygen is present?
Ethanol, lactic acid, and CO₂
A hawk and owl hunting in the day and night is an example of what kind of partitioning?
Temporal partition
Researchers are trying to determine the effectiveness of sugar in changing your heart rate:
Group 1 is given 50 grams of sugar
Group 2 is given no sugar
Scientists then measured their heart rate; a higher heart rate is proportional to the amount of sugar they had.
Group 1’s average heart rate was 80
Group 2’s average heart rate was 71
What was the independent variable? What was the dependent variable?
The sugar is the independent variable; The heart rate is the dependent variable.
Explain each survivorship curve and list an example of the animal that correlates to it?
Type l
Type ll
Type lll
Type 1 is an organism who has high survival probability in early and middle life, but it declines rapidly in later life (Example: Humans). Type 2 has a steady decline throughout it's entire lifespan (Example: Birds). Type 3 has a low survival probability in early life, but a high survival probability in middle and later life (Example: Trees).
What cycles is photosynthesis part of? What is its role?
Carbon and water cycles. Decreases carbon dioxide and increases carbon stored in organisms. Uses water from soil and produces water vapor through transpiration.
In what order does every step of cellular respiration occur? What does each step produce?
Glycolysis: 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2ATP
Link Reactions: 2 acetyl-CoA, 2 NADH, CO₂
Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle: 2NADH, 2FADH, ATP, CO₂
ETC: 34 ATP, NAD+, FAD, H₂O.
What are the differences between glycogen and fat when they are being used?
Glycogen
Short-term energy storage (1-2 days)
Easy to access for energy
Stored with water (heavy
Fat
Long-term energy storage (indefinitely)
More difficult to access for energy
Efficient energy storage (lighter and energy-dense)