Biases: Yours, Mine, and Testing
What was the major outcome of the Larry P v. Riles case?
A. Standardized IQ tests were banned from being used to determine an intellectual disability in African American children in California
B. Standardized IQ tests were found to not be discriminatory in determining the presence of an intellectual disability
C. Standardized IQ tests and personality tests were shown to have significant bias when evaluating children from diverse backgrounds
D. Standardized IQ tests were banned from being used to determine an intellectual disability in African American children across the United States
A. Standardized IQ tests were banned from being used to determine an intellectual disability in African American children in California
What is false reassurance?
A. When the evaluator provides an overly positive statement about a client’s challenges or about future outcomes
B. When the evaluator asks questions in a way that leads the other person to a certain response
C. When the evaluation results incorrectly find that a disability is not present
D. Focusing too heavily on one thing the client says, affecting the validity of your findings
A. When the evaluator provides an overly positive statement about a client’s challenges or about future outcomes
Why was Wechsler's idea of the "performance IQ" important in the advancement of psychological testing?
A. It introduced the idea that one's performance on an IQ test may be lower than their actual abilities
B. It introduced the idea that someone can have different strengths in their cognitive profile
C. It introduced the idea fluid intelligence
D. It introduced the idea of nonverbal intelligence
D. It introduced the idea of nonverbal intelligence
What are the four functions of a behavior considered in a functional behavior assessment (FBA)?
Attention
Escape
Tangible
Sensory
The House-Tree-Person is an example of what type of test?
A. An achievement test
B. A neuropsychological test
C. Subjective personality test
D. Objective personality test
C - Subjective personality test
What does implicit bias refer to?
A. When a test assumes a child is familiar with culture-specific information
B. The idea that some level of bias is always present in an evaluation
C. Biases is one aware of and actively working on
D. Subconscious attitudes and beliefs that impact examiner judgement
D. Subconscious attitudes and beliefs that impact examiner judgement
Which of the following behaviors and communication styles are productive to the interviewing process? (select all that apply)
A. Transitional phrases
B. Explaining the purpose of the interview
C. Asking “why” questions to elicit more information
D. Taking notes
A, B, D
Which of the following are norm-referenced measures (select all that apply)?
A - Subjective Personality Tests
B - Objective Personality Tests
C - Intelligence Tests
D - Achievement Tests
E - The Motivational Assessment Screener (MAS)
B, C, D
During morning meeting, Marcus calls out silly comments and jokes. His peers laugh, and his teacher speaks to him about his behavior. What behavioral function is likely reinforcing this behavior?
Attention
Explain the guideline below and give an example of it in action:
Psychologists who conduct psychological testing, assessment, and evaluation strive to use multiple sources of relevant and reliable clinical information collected according to established principles and methods of assessment.
Use multiple data points and sources of information when evaluating someone. Collect data in a careful way so it is valid and reliable. An example of it in action is using information from all four pillars of assessment.
A test that asks a child to define a word that is unfamiliar to the region where they have been raised is an example of what?
A. Cultural or racial bias
B. Construct bias
C. Content bias
D. Familiarity bias
C. Content bias
The psychologist has some questions developed ahead of time, but makes changes and additions as needed. What type of interviewing style are they using?
A. Structured interviewing
B. Unstructured interviewing
C. Semi-Structured interviewing
D. Informal interviewing
C. Semi-Structured interviewing
What are the four pillars of psychological assessment?
Informal assessment procedures
Interviews
Observations
Norm-referenced tests
Ava whines when her teacher asks her to put her iPad away. Her teacher lets her use it for 10 extra minutes when she does this to calm her down. What behavioral function is likely maintaining this behavior?
Tangible
Which of the following statements about crystallized intelligence (gc) is true?
A. It peaks in early adulthood
B. Reading and using graphic organizers are helpful for students with deficits in it
C. It contributes to being able to solve a visual pattern problem
D. It is less important for success than fluid intelligence (gf)
B. Reading and using graphic organizers are helpful for students with deficits in it
Explain the term "anchoring bias" and provide an example of it
Relying too heavily on the first piece of information. An example is going with a teacher's initial description of a child even if test results imply something different
Level 3
Explain the difference between "covert behaviors" and "overt behaviors", and provide two examples for each
Overt behaviors can be directly observed, while covert behaviors happen within the individual and cannot be seen.
Overt behaviors: physical aggression (hitting, kicking, pushing, etc.), hand raising, calling out, following directions, fidgeting
Covert behaviors: thoughts, feelings (anger, sadness, happiness, anxiety, depression), mental processes (IQ, memory)
What are two common antecedents to student behavior?
Transitions, sensory stimulation, work demands, social interactions, being told "no", waiting
What are 3 documents you may review as part of your record review?
Developmental history questionnaire, parent request for testing letter, child study team documents, medical records, report cards, home language surveys and WIDA scores, Educational Assessment Part B (teacher form), PK/K questionnaire
What are two ways you can prevent personal bias from impacting your evaluation results?
Engaging in trainings and self-reflection
Use multiple data points (4 pillars)
Follow standardized procedures
Provide a Level 4 or greater response to this prompt, "I've been putting in a lot of work. I pay attention in class and do my homework, but I just can't get what we're doing in math"
Answers will vary, should include some emotional reflection or empathizing
Identify 2 direct measures and 2 indirect measures that may be used in an evaluation
Direct: Observations, norm-referenced tests
Indirect: Interviews, informal assessment procedures, personality tests, ABC charts
There is more to a student than just what can be observed. There are a variety of unseen factors that influence behavior. Unseen factors: undeveloped skills, hunger, lack of sleep, environmental factors, IQ, emotional state, trauma background
Explain the idea of classical test theory.
There is error in all test results. It's represented by the equation X = T + E (X = obtained score, T = true score, E = error)