Anatomy
What is the structural unit of the kidney?
a) nephron
b) neuron
c) vas deferens
d) adrenal medulla
Nephron
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the basal ganglia?
a) Putamen
b) Globus pallidus
c) Caudate nucleus
d) Subthalamic nucleus
e) Red nucleus
e) Red nucleus
Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions primarily because they:
a) Increase the activation energy
b) Decrease the activation energy
c) Increase the ∆G of the reaction
d) Change the chemical equilibrium
b) Decrease the activation energy
According to Claude Bernard, which phrase summarizes the integral view of the patient?
a) “There are no diseases, only symptoms”
b) “There are no diseases, only patients”
c) “Disease is an isolated event”
d) “Every symptom has an organic cause”
b) “There are no diseases, only patients”
What is the basic unit of DNA?
a) Nucleotide
b) Amino acid
c) Polysaccharide
d) Phospholipid
a) Nucleotide
Example for flat bone
a) tibia
b) fibula
c) Perone
d) rib
d) rib
The lateral spinothalamic pathway primarily transmits:
a) Conscious proprioception
b) Pain and temperature
c) Fine touch and vibration
d) Voluntary motor control
b) Pain and temperature
Which of the following compounds is a direct precursor to heme synthesis?
a) Succinate
b) α-ketoglutarate
c) Succinyl-CoA
d) Oxaloacetate
c) Succinyl-CoA
Which is an essential characteristic of the biomedical model in medicine?
a) It considers the patient as a bio-psycho-social whole
b) It focuses on the analytical approach of the parts
c) It mainly studies the emotions and desires of the patient
d) It prioritizes the doctor-patient relationship
b) It focuses on the analytical approach of the parts
Which of the following enzymes is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?
a) DNA polymerase
b) Helicase
c) Primase
d) Ligase
b) Helicase
Why segments is the lumbar plexus formed?
a) L1, L2, L3, L4
b) L2, L3, L4
c) L1, L2, L3
d) L3, L4, L5
a) L1, L2, L3, L4
The aqueduct of Sylvius connects:
a) Lateral ventricles with the third ventricle
b) Fourth ventricle with the spinal cord
c) Third ventricle with the fourth ventricle
d) Cisterna magna with the fourth ventricle
c) Third ventricle with the fourth ventricle
During β-oxidation of fatty acids, each cycle generates:
a) 2 Acetyl-CoA, 1 NADH, 1 FADH₂
b) 1 Acetyl-CoA, 1 NADH, 1 FADH₂
c) 1 Acetyl-CoA, 2 NADH, 2 FADH₂
d) 2 Acetyl-CoA, 2 NADH, 1 FADH₂
b) 1 Acetyl-CoA, 1 NADH, 1 FADH₂
What distinguishes biographical diseases from biological ones, according to Jores?
a) They are common to humans and animals
b) They depend exclusively on infectious factors
c) They are related to lifestyle and personal history
d) They always have an immutable genetic basis
c) They are related to lifestyle and personal history
The central dogma of molecular biology states that genetic information flows in the following order:
a) Protein → RNA → DNA
b) DNA → RNA → Protein
c) RNA → Protein → DNA
d) DNA → Protein → RNA
b) DNA → RNA → Protein
What are the branches of the greater petrosal nerve?
a) S1, S2, S3
b) S3, S4, S5
c) S2,S3,S4
d) S4, S5, S6
a) S1, S2, S3
Which of the following nerves has somatic motor and parasympathetic fibers?
a) Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
b) Abducens nerve (VI)
c) Facial nerve (VII)
d) Trochlear nerve (IV)
e) Olfactory nerve (I)
c) Facial nerve (VII)
During the respiratory chain, which of the following complexes does not pump protons into the mitochondrial intermembrane space?
a) Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase)
b) Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase)
c) Complex III (cytochrome bc1)
d) Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase)
b) Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase)
In the doctor-patient relationship, what does recognizing the duality between disease and illness imply?
a) Focusing only on the objective symptoms of disease
b) Recognizing both the pathology and the patient’s subjective experience
c) Avoiding questions about the patient’s beliefs
d) Prioritizing diagnosis over the patient’s experience
b) Recognizing both the pathology and the patient’s subjective experience
In eukaryotic organisms, exons are:
a) Sequences removed from the mature RNA
b) Coding sequences that remain in the mature RNA
c) Repetitive sequences without function
d) Gene promoter regions
b) Coding sequences that remain in the mature RNA
Regarding the blood supply to the stomach, which of the following arteries is NOT directly involved in its vascularization?
a) Left gastric artery
b) Right gastric artery
c) Splenic artery
d) Right gastroepiploic artery
e) Left gastroepiploic artery
f) Middle colic artery
f) Middle colic artery
Which of the following arteries is primarily responsible for supplying the internal capsule (posterior limb), where corticospinal fibers travel?
a) Lenticulostriate arteries of the middle cerebral artery
b) Thalamoperforating arteries of the posterior cerebral artery
c) Anterior choroidal arteries
d) Striate arteries of the anterior cerebral artery
e) Posterior communicating artery
a) Lenticulostriate arteries of the middle cerebral artery
Which of the following urea cycle enzymes requires N-acetylglutamate as an allosteric activator?
a) Arginase
b) Carbamoylphosphate synthetase I
c) Ornithine transcarbamoylase
d) Argininosuccinate lyase
b) Carbamoylphosphate synthetase I
Why can some patients present an illness without having a defined disease?
a) Because the symptoms are always imaginary
b) Because there is no clear biological basis for their discomfort
c) Because they reject the biomedical model
d) Because it is solely a matter of cultural suggestion
b) Because there is no clear biological basis for their discomfort
Which type of DNA repair specifically corrects bases damaged by ultraviolet radiation (such as thymine dimers)?
a) Nucleotide excision repair (NER)
b) Base excision repair (BER)
c) Homologous recombination repair
d) Mismatch repair
a) Nucleotide excision repair (NER)