Sigmund Freud
What is the main focus of Freudian Psychology?
What is psychoanalysis?
Freud believed that human behavior is influenced by unconscious memories, thoughts, and urges. Freud focused on the theory of the id, ego, and superego, as well as the theory of psychosexual development. (Britannica)
What were Dr. Mamie Clark and Dr. Kenneth Clark most famous for?
What is Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)?
The Clarks were influential to the Civil Rights movement, and their expertise allowed them to testify as expert witnesses in several school desegregation cases, including Brown vs. Board of Education in 1954. They designed and conducted a series of experiments known colloquially as “the doll tests” to study the psychological effects of segregation on African-American children. Psychology and psychological research contributed to a more robust examination of a critical social issue.
What was Dr. Gillian famous for?
What is psychology focused on women?
Gilligan argued that girls exhibit distinct patterns of moral development based on relationships and on feelings of care and responsibility for others. Her work soon inspired and informed a feminist-oriented movement in philosophical ethics known as the ethics of care. (Britannica)
What was Erikson famous for?
What is the theory of psychosocial development?
Erikson believed that humans' personalities continued to develop past the age of five, and he believed that the development of personality depended directly on the resolution of existential crises such as trust, autonomy, intimacy, individuality, integrity, and identity. (Harvard)
Why is Freud controversial?
What is sexism and a lack of evidence?
Freud's theories have very little empirical evidence to back them up, in the early twentieth century and today.
How was the doll study significant to the Civil Rights Movement?
The well-known Clark doll study was reviewed by the Court in the Brown v. Board case as scientific evidence regarding the detrimental psychologically consequences of segregation. Based on the findings of the study, Kenneth Clark, PhD, and Mamie Clark, PhD, concluded that “prejudice, discrimination, and segregation” caused black children to develop a sense of inferiority and self-hatred. These findings revealed the harmful effect that segregation posed to the African-American children. The Court cited the findings of the Clark’s study when it released its decision ruling “separate but equal” unconstitutional. In the Brown case, the court relied upon breakthroughs in psychological research concerning the detrimental impact of segregation on ethnic minority populations, particularly on African-American/Black children. (APA)
How did historical psychological studies disregard women?
What is exclusion?
Many psychology studies, including (perhaps most notably) Zimbardo's Prison Experiment, did not use women as part of the trial groups. These studies were therefore not a representation of the real world.
Give a real-life example of one of Erikson's psychosocial stages.
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Integrity vs. Despair
Define id, ego, and superego.
What is instinct, morality, and realism?
Id - primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories.
Superego - operates as a moral conscience.
Ego - the realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego.
How was the doll study significant to the scientific method and public perceptions of psychology?
What is policy impact?
The doll study was one of the first psychological research findings that influenced policy on a grand scale and allowed a place for psychological research as a legitimate science that could inspire and influence public policy and national discourse in the United States. (APA)
How was Dr. Gillian influential?
What are views of gender?
The pioneering work of American psychologist Carol Gilligan changed the way the field of psychology studied women and arguably—because of her influence in popular culture and the feminist movement—the way society views women. Gilligan challenged mainstream psychology through her interrogation of the accepted benchmarks of moral and personal development, which she argued were drawn to a male bias that does not describe the psychology of women. (Jewish Women's Archive)
How did Erikson account for differences in life experience impacting his stages of development?
What is accommodating?
Erikson believed that all societies develop institutions to accommodate personality development but that the typical solutions to similar problems arrived at by different societies are different. (Britannica)
Define the term "Freudian Slip" based on your understanding of Freud.
What is an unintentional error regarded as revealing subconscious feelings?
Example: a woman might mean to tell her friend, “I am so in love with John.” But instead of saying John's name, she might say the name of her ex-boyfriend instead.
In addition to the doll study, how did the Clarks impact the field of psychology?
The Clarks were the first African-Americans to obtain their doctoral degrees in psychology from Columbia University. Kenneth Clark was the First African-American tenured full professor at the City College of New York, the first African-American to be president of American Psychological Association and the first African-American appointed to the New York State Board of Regents. The Clarks also opened the first full-time child guidance center offering psychological and casework services to families in the Harlem area. (APA)
What theory of development did Dr. Gillian criticize?
What is Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
Gillian was Kohlberg's research assistant, but she pushed back against his ideas. Kohlberg's theory focuses on the thinking process that occurs when one decides whether a behavior is right or wrong. However, his system of moral development used traits that placed women lower on the scale of development. (Britannica)
List all eight of Erikson's stages.
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Integrity vs. Despair
Provide a possible explanation for Freud's personality and development theories, including the psychosexual stages.
What is a reaction to the Victorian Era?
(Also, Freud was a weird guy.)
What did Dr. Mamie Phipps Clark almost study instead of psychology?
What is math and physics?
What movements did Dr. Gillian take part in?
What is the Civil Rights Movement and anti-war protests?
Who influenced Erikson to become a psychologist?
Who is Anna Freud?
(Daughter of Sigmund Freud - Britannica)