Vikings
After the breakup of the Carolingian Empire, numerous wars created a climate of ______ in Europe
fear
During the 9/10th centuries, monarchs had _______ power, usually only extending to their personal territories.
little
Lords protected peasants, and in return the peasants worked for them. These peasants were called _____.
serfs
Serfdom was ______ meaning they were born into it.
hereditary
Vikings were known for their _______ attacks
violent
Monarchs lacked the power to _______ _________ from their subjects, receiving aid from the Church and nobles.
collect taxes
A large piece of land given by a lord to a subject who has promised loyalty
fief
One tenth of the harvest given to the Church as a tax by free peasants was called a ______.
tithe
Being excellent seafarers, Vikings established _______ _______ with England, Scotland, Ireland, Iceland, etc.
trade routes
Royal Council/Curia
The network connecting the nobility to the monarchy is called what?
network of feudal ties
Peasant families were ____-________, producing everything they needed to live by themselves
self-sufficient
Around the year 1000, some key features unified Europe. Name 2.
Christianity
Trade
Social structures
Personal ties of loyalty between monarchs and nobility were the basis of ______ society.
feudal
Medieval society was organized into groups/estates. Name two of the three.
Nobility
Clergy
Commoners
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name the three groups of people who invaded Europe after the breakup of the Carolingian Empire
Vikings (Normans), Magyars (Hungarians), and Saracens (Muslims)
Name 2 of the four reasons monarchs had little effective power in 9/10th century
only controlling their personal territory; Small royal armies; Borders were changing/unstable; Monarchs didn't have the power to collect taxes from subjects
______ and ________ were the estates/groups that did not have to pay taxes or do manual labor.
Nobility and clergy
Name 2 of the 4 ways agricultural production improved during 11th century feudalism.
Forests cleared and wetlands drained for more land; heavy plough; three-year crop rotation; irrigation use increased