Natural Selection and Artificial Selection
What is natural selection?
Process by which characteristics of a POPULATION changes over MANY GENERATIONS as organisms with HERITABLE traits survive and reproduce, passing their traits to offspring
Why is genetic variation beneficial for a population?
Because if the environment changes, variation can give certain organism a selective edge in reproducing offspring
Name the geologist that proposed geological changes are slow, subtle processes which will happen over a long period of time to result in subtle changes?
Charles Lyell and his idea of uniformitarianism
What is it called when an organism of one population leaves their original group and immigrates to another population?
Gene flow
A barrier that impedes mating between species or prevents fertilization of the egg or different species attempts to mate is called?
Prezygotic isolating mechanism or pre-fertilization barrier
What is the practice of planting a single type of plant?
Monoculture
What is adaptation?
a structure, behavior or physiological process that helps an organism survive and reproduce in a particular environment
The idea that the organisms that are the fittest leave the most offspring, so those organisms win the struggle for survival is called?
Survival of the Fittest
A population of 1000 roses grows in a field. Out of every 100, 1 rose will be black. What is this evidence of?
Mutation
What are the types of postzygotic isolating mechanisms?
Hybrid inability, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown
A frog can jump higher than any other frogs in its population. This frog is more likely to survive predators and reproduce multiple offspring. What is this an example of?
Fitness
The butterfly Limenitis Archippus resembles the monarch butterfly because the monarch butterfly is "harmful". What is this phenomenon called?
Mimicry
An embryo of a dolphin and an embryo of a chicken look very similar. What evidence of evolution is this?
Embryology
There is an island full of cats in the Pacific Ocean. All of these cats are orange. What effect has caused this?
Founder effect
What's the difference between sympatric and allopatric speciation?
Sympatric speciation is when a population within the same geographical area diverges and become reproductively isolated whereas allopatric is due to a geographical barrier and can isolate 2 or more groups from the population
How does artificial selection work?
Picking a desirable characteristic and breeding them with liked organism to express desirable traits across all organisms in the population (such as dog breeds, crops, cats,)
A person contracts an infection that led them to take antibiotics. 2 months later, they contract the same infection, but the antibiotic they took 2 months ago is not working. The doctors found that the bacteria in the infection developed a mutation to survive that certain antibiotic. What is this mutation an example of?
Selective advantage
What is the difference between a vestigial structure and a homologous structure?
Vestigial structures are reduced version of a structure that was functional in an organisms ancestor where homologous structure is a structure of an organism that has similar origin but different functions
A population of birds live in the Galapagos. Due to their environment, the birds with large and small beaks can eat the island's seed. However, the birds with intermediate beaks struggle to eat. What mode of natural selection is this?
Diversifying selection
Many dog breeds originate from different parts of the world, however, all are descendants of the grey wolf. What is this an example of?
Adaptive radiation
There was a large population of sloths that lived in trees and a population of rabbits in a forest. One day, the trees in the forest were cut down to make room for condos, making the sloths lose their home. The predator of the forest, the jaguar, were now able to catch more sloths than rabbits, lowering the sloth population. What effect is this?
Selective pressure
Peppered moths adapted to their environment in response to the pollution during the 19th century. Give me a reason why variation in the population allowed for this population to adapt.
- The black mouth better adapted to the changing environment had a selective advantage and grew the population to have more black mouths
- Through camouflage, the black moths were well suited to survive and reproduce new generation
What was one of Darwin’s conclusions for natural selection to occur?
- Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. Therefore organisms complete for limited resource
- Individuals of a population have variation which is heritable
- Individuals better suited to local conditions survive to produce more offsprings
- Processes for change are slow and gradual
2 male gorillas are fighting to impress a potential mate. The bigger gorilla wins the fight and the female gorilla picks them as a mate. Why is this non-random mating?
The female gorilla picks mates based on who won. The winning gorilla will contribute to traits to future generation
Darwin's finches were observed to have a variation of different beak sizes and shapes based on their environment. This led the finches to become different species from a common ancestor. What kind of evolution is occurring?
Divergent evolution