Interphase
In the synthesis phase, DNA _________ and chromosome duplication occurs.
How many phases are in mitosis?
5
What are the 3 major checkpoints in the cell cycle?
G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, M (spindle) checkpoint
What is a mass of abnormal cells called?
Tumor
Cells must organize and package their _____ before division.
DNA
What phase does the cell grow and carry out normal functions in?
G1 "first gap" phase
In metaphase, chromosomes go to opposite ______ and then line up on the _________ plate.
Poles, metaphase
If a cell doesn't pass the G1 checkpoint, where does it go?
G0
What are the 2 kinds of tumors?
Benign and malignant
What kind of proteins do DNA wrap around to form nucleosomes?
Histones
What occurs in the G2 "second gap" phase?
Final growth and preparation for mitosis.
In anaphase, sister chromatids seperate and move to opposite ends of the cell due to the microtubules _____________.
Shortening
What kind of cells stay in G0 forever
Muscle and nerve cells
Normal cells become cancerous through _____ ________.
DNA mutations
What do strings of nucleosomes form?
Chromatin
If damage cannot be repaired the cell will undergo __________.
What happens in prophase?
Chromatin condenses, nucleoli disappear, duplicated chromosomes appear as sister chromatic, mitotic spindle begins to form, and the centromes move away from each other. (Say at least 2)
What happens in M (spindle) checkpoint?
This checkpoint checks for microtubule attachment to chromosomes at the kineotochores at metaphase.
What is metastasis?
When cells separate from the tumor and spread elsewhere in the body.
Why are chromosomes densely packed?
For easier division
90%
How is cytokinesis different in plant cells than in animal cells?
In plant cells, a wall is formed in between cells.
In animal cells, the cleavage furrow forms and they split.
What is anchorage dependence?
What are 2 differences between cancerous cells and normal cells?
Cancer cells do not follow the checkpoints
Cancer cells divide infinitely vs 20-50 times (in culture)
Normal cells go through apoptosis when they have errors, but cancer cells continue to divide.
What are the 2 types of cells and which type divides through mitosis?
Somatic (body) cells and gametes (reproductive) cells. Somatic cells divide through mitosis.