easy
Baseline FHR is calculated over how long?
A. 5 minutes
B. 10 minutes
C. 20 minutes
D. 30 minutes
b
baseline FHR is calculated over a 10-minute window excluding accelerations and decelerations.
Which FHR variability is MOST reassuring?
A. Absent
B. Minimal
C. Moderate
D. Marked
C
Moderate variability (6–25 bpm) reflects intact fetal CNS and adequate oxygenation.
Early decelerations are caused by:
A. Cord compression
B. Uteroplacental insufficiency
C. Head compression
D. Hypotension
c
Early decelerations mirror contractions and are benign, caused by vagal stimulation.
Variable decelerations are MOST associated with:
A. Uterine tachysystole
B. Cord compression
C. Placental aging
D. Maternal fever
b
variable decelerations are abrupt and inconsistent, indicating umbilical cord compression.
Late decelerations indicate:
A. Fetal sleep
B. Fetal hypoxia
C. Head descent
D. Cord compression
b
Late decelerations indicate uteroplacental insufficiency and impaired oxygen transfer.
VEAL/CHOP: Late decelerations →
A. Head compression
B. Cord compression
C. Hypoxia
D. Oxygenation
c
VEAL/CHOP: Late decelerations → Placental insufficiency → Hypoxia.
Which intervention is FIRST for late decelerations?
A. Increase oxytocin
B. Reposition mother
C. Perform vaginal exam
D. Prepare for delivery
b
Position change improves uterine blood flow and is the FIRST intervention.
Minimal variability may be caused by:
A. Fetal sleep
B. Moderate hypoxia
C. Acidosis
D. All of the above
d
Minimal variability may be caused by fetal sleep, medications, hypoxia, or acidosis.
Fetal tachycardia is defined as:
A. >150 bpm
B. >160 bpm
C. >170 bpm
D. >180 bpm
b
Fetal tachycardia is defined as a baseline >160 bpm for ≥10 minutes.
Which finding requires immediate intervention?
A. Moderate variability with accelerations
B. Absent variability with late decelerations
C. Early decelerations
D. FHR baseline 140
b
This combination strongly suggests fetal acidemia and requires immediate action.
Accelerations after 32 weeks are defined as:
A. 10 bpm × 10 sec
B. 15 bpm × 15 sec
C. 20 bpm × 20 sec
D. 25 bpm × 25 sec
b
After 32 weeks, accelerations must meet the 15×15 rule.
Which test evaluates fetal response to contractions?
A. NST
B. BPP
C. CST
D. Kick counts
c
The contraction stress test evaluates fetal tolerance to uterine contractions.
A non-reactive NST means:
A. Fetal compromise
B. No accelerations present
C. Immediate delivery required
D. Normal finding
b
A non-reactive NST lacks sufficient accelerations and requires further evaluation.
Which finding suggests uteroplacental insufficiency?
A. Variable decelerations
B. Early decelerations
C. Late decelerations
D. Accelerations
c
Late decelerations are the hallmark of uteroplacental insufficiency.
What is the BEST indicator of fetal well-being?
A. Baseline rate
B. Accelerations
C. Variability
D. Absence of decelerations
c
Variability is the best single indicator of fetal oxygenation and neurologic integrity.
Which intervention improves placental perfusion?
A. Supine positioning
B. Oxygen via mask
C. Increasing oxytocin
D. Vaginal exam
b
Supplemental oxygen increases maternal-fetal oxygen transfer.
Which pattern indicates cord compression?
A. Gradual decelerations
B. Abrupt decelerations
C. Late nadir
D. Sinusoidal pattern
b
Abrupt onset and recovery define variable decelerations due to cord compression.
Marked variability indicates:
A. Reassuring pattern
B. Hypoxia
C. Possible fetal stress
D. Acidosis
c
Marked variability may indicate acute hypoxia or cord compression and requires evaluation.
Which maternal condition contributes to fetal hypoxia?
A. Fever
B. Hypotension
C. Tachysystole
D. All of the above
d
Fever, hypotension, and tachysystole all impair fetal oxygenation.
Which action should occur BEFORE internal fetal monitoring?
A. Membranes ruptured
B. Cervix 10 cm
C. Station +2
D. Epidural placed
a
internal monitoring requires ruptured membranes and sufficient cervical dilation.
What does an IUPC measure?
A. FHR
B. Resting tone
C. Contraction strength
D. Maternal BP
c
IUPC directly measures contraction intensity in mmHg.
Which pattern suggests fetal sleep?
A. Absent variability >60 min
B. Minimal variability <40 min
C. Late decelerations
D. Bradycardia
b
short periods of minimal variability often indicate fetal sleep, a normal finding
Which intervention is appropriate for variable decelerations?
A. Stop oxytocin
B. Reposition mother
C. Amnioinfusion
D. All of the above
d
Variable decelerations are managed by repositioning, stopping oxytocin, and amnioinfusion.
Which pattern is MOST concerning?
A. Moderate variability with accelerations
B. Early decelerations
C. Recurrent late decelerations with absent variability
D. Occasional variable
c
This pattern is highly predictive of fetal acidemia and imminent compromise.
Which finding indicates fetal acidemia?
A. Moderate variability
B. Accelerations
C. Absent variability with recurrent lates
D. Baseline 140
c
this combination signals inadequate oxygenation and metabolic acidosis