this or that
Name 2 differences between asexual and sexual reproduction.
Cannot name one already used!
Asexual: Single individual. No fusion of gametes. Clones: offspring are exact copies of parents. Mutations are the only source of variation. Can produce asexually through mitosis.
Sexual: Two parents (male/female). Offspring are unique combinations of genes from parents. Genetically varied from parents and siblings.
Define Punnett Squares.
diagrams used to predict the allele combinations of offspring from a cross with known genetic compositions
What happens in Interphase?
cell goes through G1, S (DNA is copied), and G2
What happens in Prophase II?
- no crossing over
- spindle forms
P generation?
true-breeding parental generation
Name 2 differences between mitosis and meiosis.
Cannot name one already used!
Mitosis: Occurs in somatic cells. 1 division. Results in 2 diploid daughter cells. Daughter cells are genetically identical.
Meiosis: Forms gametes (sperm/egg). 2 divisions. Results in 4 haploid daughter cells. Each daughter cell is genetically unique.
Define Genetics.
the study of heredity and hereditary variation
What happens in Metaphase I and/or Anaphase I?
Metaphase I: Independent orientation: tetrads line up at the metaphase plate.
Anaphase I: pairs of homologous chromosomes separate.
What happens in Metaphase II?
- chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate
- because of crossing over in meiosis 1, the chromatids are unique
F1 generation?
(first filial) hybrid offspring of P generation
Name the difference between dominant vs recessive traits.
Dominant traits are always expressed when the connected allele is dominant, even if only one copy of the dominant trait exists. Recessive traits are expressed only if both the connected alleles are recessive. If one of the alleles is dominant, then the associated characteristic is less likely to manifest.
Define Heredity.
the transmission of traits from one generation to the next
What happens in Telophase I and Cytokinesis?
- nuclei and cytoplasm divide
- there is now a haploid set of chromosomes in each daughter cell
What happens in Anaphase II?
- sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles
F2 generation?
(second filial) offspring of the F1 generation
Name 2 differences between mitosis and meiosis.
Cannot name one already used!
Mitosis: Occurs in somatic cells. 1 division. Results in 2 diploid daughter cells. Daughter cells are genetically identical.
Meiosis: Forms gametes (sperm/egg). 2 divisions. Results in 4 haploid daughter cells. Each daughter cell is genetically unique.
Define 2 of the following: homozygous, heterozygous, genotype, phenotype.
Homozygous: an organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a character
Heterozygous: an organism has two different alleles for a gene
Genotype: the genetic makeup (alleles) of an organism
Phenotype: an organism's appearance, which is determined by the genotype
What happens in Prophase or define Synapsis.
Prophase I: homologous chromosomes pair up and physically connect to each other forming a tetrad.
Synapsis:
crossing over (recombination) occurs at the chiasmata and DNA is exchanged between the homologous pairs
- every chromatid that is produced has a unique combination of DNA
What happens in Telophase II and Cytokinesis?
- 4 haploid cells
- nuclei reappear
- each daughter cell is genetically unique
name two generations and define them
P generation: true-breeding parental generation
F1 generation: (first filial) hybrid offspring of P generation
F2 generation: (second filial) offspring of the F1 generation
Name 2 differences between asexual and sexual reproduction.
Cannot name one already used!
Asexual: Single individual. No fusion of gametes. Clones: offspring are exact copies of parents. Mutations are the only source of variation. Can produce asexually through mitosis.
Sexual: Two parents (male/female). Offspring are unique combinations of genes from parents. Genetically varied from parents and siblings.
Define 3 of the following: homozygous, heterozygous, genotype, phenotype.
Homozygous: an organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a character
Heterozygous: an organism has two different alleles for a gene
Genotype: the genetic makeup (alleles) of an organism
Phenotype: an organism's appearance, which is determined by the genotype
There are three key events in meiosis that are unique, name them and define their key part.
Prophase 1: synapsis and crossing over
Metaphase 1: tetrads (homologous pairs) line up at the metaphase plate
Anaphase 1: homologous pairs separate
Name the phases in order and define them.
Prophase II:
- no crossing over
- spindle forms
Metaphase II:
- chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate
- because of crossing over in meiosis 1, the chromatids are unique
Anaphase II: - sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles
Telophase II and Cytokinesis:
- 4 haploid cells
- nuclei reappear
- each daughter cell is genetically unique
name the three generations and define them
P generation: true-breeding parental generation
F1 generation: (first filial) hybrid offspring of P generation
F2 generation: (second filial) offspring of the F1 generation