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Define schizophrenia
severe disorder characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior with symptoms that include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and behavior, and negative symptoms
Define psychopathology
study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, causes, and treatment; manifestation of a psychological disorder
holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used
What is intrinsic motivation
motivation based on internal feelings rather than external rewards
Define personality trait
consistent pattern of thought and behavior
What is sensory memory
storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes
Is the operant conditioning technique to teach new behavior through punishment effective
Yes, but not as effective as reinforcement
How would you describe the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome
the body's initial response to stress. The sympathetic nervous system is activated by the sudden release of hormones. You may better know this stage as the fight-or-flight response.
Understand sensational and perception processes
Sensation is sensory information picked up by receptors and is bottom-up processing
Perception is the experience and understanding of sensations. It is top-down processing
Define phobia
anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
What is the difference between obsession and compulsion?
Obsessions are unwanted, intrusive thoughts, images, or urges that trigger intensely distressing feelings. Compulsions are behaviors an individual engages in to attempt to get rid of the obsessions and/or decrease distress.
Define working memory
Another way to say short-term memory
What is extrinsic motivation
motivation that arises from external factors or rewards
What is humanism
perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans
Problem-solving strategy involving attempts between different solutions and eliminates those that does not work is ________
Trial-and-error
What is backward-acting memory interference called
Retroactive interference
Is a person with a family history of psychological disorders more likely to develop PTSD
People with a family history of PTSD and/or depression tend to be more susceptible to PTSD. Family history of other mental health problems may also increase the risk.
Define the encoding specificity principle
shows that memories are linked to the context in which they are created. It states that it's easier to recall information when you are in the same context in which you memorized or studied it
Define anxiety
a person experiences excessive, persistent, and distressing fear and anxiety that interferes with normal functioning.
Explain conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, unconditional stimulus, and unconditional response
Conditioned stimulus- stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response- response caused by the conditioned stimulus
unconditioned stimulus- stimulus that elicits a reflexive response
unconditioned response- natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus
What is semantic memory
type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
What is goal-focused motivation
Motivation fueled by achieving goals
What is the difference between collective and individualistic cultures
Collective cultures believe the importance of the group supersedes the importance of individual achievement.
Individualistic cultures are cultures that focus on individual achievement and autonomy, they have the greatest tendency to commit the fundamental attribution error.
What is James-Lange theory
emotions arise from physiological arousal
What are instinct theories
The Instinct Theory of Motivation views biological or genetic programming as the cause of motivation. This claim means that all humans have the same motivations due to our similar biological programming. This theory says that the root of all motivations is the motivation to survive.
Define psychological disorder
a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior
What are the three basic forms of learning for psychology
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
Define Bipolar disorder and what was it previously called
mood disorder characterized by mood states that vacillate between depression and mania
It was previously called manic-depressive illness or manic depression
What is identity diffusion
lack of stability or focus in the view of the self or in any of the elements of an individual's identity. It is common especially in borderline personality disorder.
What is collective memory
the memory of a group of people, passed from one generation to the next. (She probably means flashbulb memory)
What is the drive theory of motivation
people behave a certain way to reduce the internal tension created in the body as a result of unfulfilled biological needs. The arousal or the state of inner tension that develops within the body due to these needs is known as a 'drive'
Define resilience
the process and outcome of successfully adapting to difficult or challenging life experiences, especially through mental, emotion, and behavioral flexibility and adjustment to external and internal demands.
What is the stage of life between late childhood and the beginning of adulthood
Adolescence
What is the process of standardization
the process of making a test uniform, or setting it to a specific standard. This involves administering and scoring the test in the same manner for everyone that takes it.
What is ECT and what does it do
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure, done under general anesthesia, in which small electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure. ECT seems to cause changes in brain chemistry that can quickly reverse symptoms of certain mental health conditions.
What does Biopsychology influence
is an interdisciplinary field that analyzes how the brain and neurotransmitters influence our behaviors, thoughts and feelings.
Define antisocial personality disorder
characterized by a lack of regard for others’ rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds
Explain identity moratorium
one step in the process of finding a sense of self. It is a period of active searching for one's occupational, religious, ethnic, or another form of identity to determine who they really are. Related to Erik Eriksons theory of children finding their identities.
Describe the Flynn effect
observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation
What is the social cognitive perspective of personality
Bandura’s theory of personality that emphasizes both cognition and learning as sources of individual differences in personality
What is a psychiatrist
a medical practitioner specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness.
The scientific method is rarely used in psychology, as psychologists value "common sense", subjective experience, and expert opinions more highly than so-called empirical evidence. True or false?
false
What combinations of chromosomes do females and males have
Females have 2 X chromosomes and males have 1 X chromosome
What is Freud's technique of transference
Transference in therapy is the act of the client unknowingly transferring feelings about someone from their past onto the therapist. Freud and Breuer (1895) described transference as the deep, intense, and unconscious feelings that develop in therapeutic relationships with patients.
What is the difference between cyclothymic disorder, dysthymic disorder, and SAD
Cyclothymia causes emotional ups and downs, but they're not as extreme as those in bipolar I or II disorder. With cyclothymia, you experience periods when your mood noticeably shifts up and down from your baseline. is rare
Dysthymia is defined as a low mood occurring for at least two years, along with at least two other symptoms of depression.
A mood disorder characterized by depression that occurs at the same time every year.
Explain identity foreclosure
the status for those who have made a commitment to an identity without having explored the options. The individual has not engaged in any identity experimentation and has established an identity based on the choices or values of others
Define longitudinal research
studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time
Define the psychoanalytic theory
focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior
What is the difference between normal anxiety and an anxiety disorder
Occasional anxiety is a normal part of life. Many people worry about things such as health, money, or family problems. But anxiety disorders involve more than temporary worry or fear. For people with an anxiety disorder, the anxiety does not go away and can get worse over time.
What does the somatic nervous system regulate?
relays sensory and motor information to and from the CNS. Regulates voluntary movements
What is the "third force" in psychology
It's the humanistic approach
Define culture
the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group.
What is the DSM-5
authoritative index of mental disorders and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA)
A drug that alters the mental function, treats psychological or mental disorders, and alleviates psychological symptoms is what type of medication
Psychotropic medication
Who should be used during testing when conducting a twin study
the twins? idfk
What is the fight-or-flight response
set of physiological reactions (increases in blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate, and sweat) that occur when an individual encounters a perceived threat; these reactions are produced by activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system
What is a positive reinforcer and what is a negative reinforcer
Positive reinforcment- adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior
Negative reinforcement- taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior
What is the technical name for the sense of smell
Olfaction
What is Philip Zimbardo most famous for
For running the Stanford Prison experiment
What does the pituitary gland control
It regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction through the hormones that it produces.