What is a system of conclusions based on systematic thinking
Empiricism
A research study is stopped because they found that potential good from the work (curing acne) was not worth exposing participants to a known carcinogen. What principle of the belmont report would this violate?
Principle of Beneficence
A researcher asks an initial group of 10 participants to share the word about the study being conducted in order to get more participants. What is this an example of?
Snowball sampling
What type of study allows you to make claims of causation?
experiment
What type of study measures participants repeatedly on DV before during and after “interruption”
Interrupted time series
What is a theory vs. a hypothesis
•A theory is a set of statements that describes general principles about how variables relate to one another.
•A hypothesis, or prediction, is the specific outcome the researcher expects to observe in a study if the theory is accurate.
What is it called when researchers invent data that fit their hypothesis
data fabrication
What is the name for a statistic to test the difference between two group averages
t test
What are the 3 components needed for causation?
⚫Covariance
⚫Temporal precedence
⚫eliminate third variable
Describe a multiple baseline design
-Multiple problem behaviors are measured across time
-The intervention is applied to individual behaviors
-The timing, though, is staggered
-If each behavior responds to the treatment as appropriate, we can argue that the treatment itself does something
What are the 4 sources of information?
•Experience
•Intuition
•Authority
•Research
Which type of measurement includes the following properties:
1.Named variables/ categories
2.Ordering variables
3.Equal distance between variables
4.Absolute zero
ratio
How can you detect a curvilinear relationship?
plot it with a scatterplot
What is the acronym for threats to internal validity?
🞆M - Maturation threat
🞆R - Regression threat
🞆S - Selection bias (Chapter 10)
🞆H – History threat
🞆R – Researcher bias
🞆I – Instrumentation Threats
🞆M - Mortality (AKA attrition threat)
🞆P – Placebo effects
🞆D – Demand characteristics
🞆O – Observer Bias
🞆T – Testing threat (practice effects)
🞆S – Situation noise
What are a few concerns with small N designs we discussed?
-Is it ethical to revoke a treatment that’s associated (causing?) benefit?
-Is it possible to completely revoke a treatment to return to baseline?
Jane thinks that Toyotas are safe cars. She hears her friend was in a car wreck while driving a Corolla and was uninjured. She says "Aha! I knew Toyotas are safe!" What is this an example of?
Confirmation bias
In a qualitative study conducted by Dr. Dill, participants are interviewed. Following this, an RA watches of the interview and then marks whenever the participant expresses anger. After this, a second RA does the same thing in order to assess whether they are coding the same parts. What type of reliability is this an example of?
Inter-Rater Reliability
A researcher is interested in the relationship between depression measured at 5 time points. What kind of correlation is this?
autocorrelation
What are the two types of interactions
spreading
fully crossed
What is the difference between harking and hacking?
harking- hypothesising after results are known
hacking- throwing a bunch of variables/analyses at the wall and seeing what "sticks"
What type of claim is this?:
83% of college students like Taylor Swift music
frequency claim
What is it called when participants agree with every item?
Acquiescence/yea-saying:
What is the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable controlling for the effect of the other independent variable in multiple regression?
beta/beta weight
A study examines the relationship impact of age (older, younger) and religiosity (religious, not religious) on political views. What is the factorial design?
2x2
What is it called when researchers replicate their original experiment and add variables to test additional questions
Replication-plus-extension