Names in Science
Charles Darwin
Made 4 Observations:
-Members of population vary in traits
-Traits are inherited from parents
-All species can produce at least one offspring even if the environment can't support it.
-Lack of resources causes many offspring to die
Also all species originate from a common ancestor and populations change over time based on their environment
Metabolism
Sum of all biochemical reactions in a cell
Hydrophillic
Compound is able to dissolve in water
Heterotrophic
Lives on organic compounds produced by other living organisms
Pedigree
Alfred Russel Wallace
Had similar ideas motivating Darwin to publish
Active vs Passive Transport
Passive: No energy, Molecules travel either direction, Diffuse independently, Spontaneous, Follows concentration gradient
Active: Must have protein, Requires energy/ATP, Can go against the concentration gradient
Osmosis
Passive transport of water across a membrane
Autotrophic
Able to produce own organic molecules
Homozygus
Same Allele (AA, aa
Gregor Mendel
Bred peas in 1857 to deduce heritability
NADPH
Reduction of NADP+ (only in plants)
Aerobic
Requires oxygen
4 Biological Molecules/Monomers
Protein: Amino acids
Lipids: Fatty acids
Carbohydrates: Glucose
Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides (DNA/RNA)
Gene Expression and differences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
DNA directs synthesis of proteins
Prokaryote: Operons, no intron, default=genes are on, little regulation
Eukaryote: Single gene, Intron/splicing, Default=gene on, regulated at many levels
Dimitri Mendeleev
Organized elements on the periodic table
Element 101 was named after him "Mendelevium"
Rubisco
Most abundant enzyme
Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxygenase
Isotope
Atoms of the same element that have different atomic masses
Enzymes and functions
Molecules that catalyze reactions in a living cell. They reduce activation energy and increase the rate of the reaction.
Codons and anti-codons and their importance
Codon: 3 necleotide sequence found on mRNA
Anti-codon: Found on tRNA and binds to mRNA
Ensures efficiency during translation
James Watson & Francis Crick
Proposed the structure of DNA in 1953 and won the Nobel Prize in 1962
Electron Transport Chain + Purpose of ETC
Sequence of proteins that lead to the creation of ATP.
To transfer electrons to one another to lessen energy of that electron.
Covalent, Ionic, and Hydrogen Bonds, What are/Strengths
C: Atoms share electrons, Strongest
I: Attraction between charged atoms, Medium
H: 2 atoms that already participate in other chemical bonds, Weakest
Melvin Calvin and Hans Creb
Melvin Calvin: Nobel prize in 1961 for his work with C14 and created the Calvin cycle
Hans Creb: Discovery of the Krebs Cycle in 1953
mRNA vs tRNA
mRNA: codes for protein from DNA, linear structure
tRNA: Carrier molecule that transfers Amino acids to ribosome, T structure