Basal Ganglia
This major pathway within the basal ganglia is responsible for facilitating voluntary movement and involves excitatory signals to the thalamus.
What is the direct pathway?
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
What is coorination?
These fibers interconnect areas of the cortex within one hemisphere.
What are association fibers?
This condition involves the loss or impairment of the sense of smell, often caused by head injury or neurological disease.
What is anosmia?
The release of inflammatory molecules and neurotransmitters into tissue surrounding an injury activates _______ nociceptors
What is silent?
This structure within the basal ganglia is primarily responsible for inhibiting unwanted movements (additional structure involved in the indirect pathway).
What is the globus pallidus internus?
These the the primary sensory inputs to the cerebellum:
What are vestibular, proprioceptive, and vision?
The motor cortices are found in the ______ lobe.
What is the frontal lobe?
Covid-19 caused a loss in sense of smell, which was reversible. What part of the smell pathway was damaged?
What are olfactory support cells?
What is increased?
The basal ganglia communicate with the motor cortex via this structure in the brain.
What is the thalamus?
If we are walking down the sidewalk, and want to avoid running into oncoming pedestrians, our cerebellum uses this mechanism for motor control.
What is the feedforward mechanism?
Brodman's area 44 and 45 have the function of language production. This area is also called:
What is Broca's area?
The perception of taste involves:
What are taste and smell?
This pathway transmits pain signals from peripheral sensory neurons to the brain via the spinal cord.
What is the spinothalamic tract (or anterolateral system)?
These are the main functions of the basal ganglia:
What are:
Decision to move
Direction of movement
Amplitude of movement
Motor expression of emotions
This area of the cerebellar cortex is evolutionarily the newest - it is necessary for eye-hand coordination
What is the cerebrocerebellum or neocerebellum?
The motor cortex and sensory cortex for the upper limb would be damaged by a stroke in the ____ artery.
What is the middle cerebral artery?
These cranial nerves are involved with the sensation of taste:
What are cranial nerves VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus)?
This part of the brainstem helps to modulate pain by sending descending signals that can either inhibit or enhance pain transmission.
What is the periaqueductal gray (PAG)?
When this area of the basal ganglia degrades, we see decreases in wanted movement, and increases in unwanted movement.
What is the substantia nigra?
If there is a lesion in the right cerebellum, which side would you see problems with coordination?
What is the right (ipsilateral) side?
What are executive functions?
Sweet, bitter, and umami flavors are detected with _____ receptors.
What are type II gustatory receptors?
This chronic pain condition involves pain that persists even after the injury heals, often associated with nerve damage.
What is neuropathic pain?