unit 1
universal acceptor
TYPE AB
monitors blood for foreign materials
what is the spleen?
buccal
-voluntary
-tongue pushes food to the oropharynx area
pharyngeal
-involuntary
-epiglottis closes over the glottis and swallowing begins
esophageal
-involuntary
-upper esophageal sphincter opens and the bolus begins moving down esophagus
The hormone in the lungs that converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
produce thymosin and thymopoiten and mature and differentiate T cells
what is the Thymus fucntions?
This hormone inhibits water absorption to lower systemic blood pressure
What is atrial natriuretic peptide
Fever and inflammation form this line of innate immunity
What is the 2nd Line of Defense?
difference between systemic and gas exchange
systemic = blood and tissues
alveolar = alveoli and blood
Name the three methods of GFR regulation
Autoregulation, Neural regulation, Hormonal regulation
stages of clotting
extrinsic and intrinsic pahtway
both formation of prothrombinase
convert prothrombin to thrombin
convert fibrinogen to fibrin
= BLOOD CLOT
what are the cells in the pancreatic islets? & what do they release
alpha - glucagon
beta - insulin
The step where if the T cell is exposed to a self antigen can either surive or die
what is negative selection
during inspiration (inhalation) is intrapleural pressure (within pleural cavity) and intrapulmonary pressure (within alveoli) increased or decreased?
both decreased
These cells release testosterone when stimulated by lutenizing hormone
Leydig cells
Characterized by a "leveling off" on a graph, this allows for a full, and complete contraction of the cardiac muscle.
What is plateau?
name the 3 immune cells and their functions
neutrophils= target bacteria and phago
lymphocytes
- nk = kill anything on site
- t=memory
-b = AB
monocytes = differentiate into macrophage and perform phago, are APC
eosinophils = histamine ACE released, phago Ab-Ag complexes
basophils = inflammation , allergic response
This is the pressure produced by a fluid onto a structure. In the case of blood pressure, this is the pressure exerted on the wall of the blood vessel by the contained blood
what is hydrostatic pressure
what is the cholride shift
mass movement of chloride ions into the red blood cells, to balance the charges maintianing electrical neutrality as bicarbonate ions move out or into RBC
List the stages of the uterine cycle
Day 1-5 = Menstrual phase
Day 5-14 = Proliferating phase
Day 14-28 = Secretory phase
what is functional residual capacity?
amount of air normally left (residual) in lungs after you expire quietly
describe the formation and desruction of RBCS
- made by iron, protein, b12, HM (EPO)
- circulation is 120 days
- RBC recycled into globin -> aa -> protein synthesis
- RBC recyled into Heme-> Fe -> can be used to make RBM when needed
- RBC recycled into Heme and turn into biliverden -> bilirubin stored in lived and go to small int. turn into urobillinogen -> sterobilin -> poo
- OR urobillinogen - > urobilin -> pee
facilitating the activity of other immune cells – especially antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells – through the release of cytokines and chemokines.
what are the T helper cells function?
factors that affect airflow
1. surface tension of alv flui
2. lung compliance
3. airway resistance
Trace the flow of sperm through the testes
Seminiferous tubules --> straight tubules --> rete testis --> efferent ducts --> ductus epididymis --> Vas deferens
Describe the RAA Pathway
Stimulus = Low BP is detected by the JG apparatus
Macula densa cells detect change in the DCT and trigger granular/JG cells in the afferent arteriole
The JG cells release renin into the blood
Liver continuously releases angiotensinogen into the blood. Renin comes into contact with angiotensinogen (inactive hormone), and converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I (active). Angiotensin I then contacts ACE, which converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II (active).