Social Structure
A pocket of individuals who may have a set of norms that deviate from conventional values is a ______.
subculture
Sutherland’s theory of differential association had ______ different elements.
nine
According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, by what age does someone establish their self control?
10
According to conflict criminology, deviance is created by ______.
society
______ developmental theory or taxonomy distinguishes two types of people who offend: life-course persistent and adolescence-limited offenders.
Moffitt's
According to Burgess’s theory of concentric circles, Zone ______ was the “workingmen’s homes,” largely made up of relatively modest homes and apartments.
III
Neutralization theory is associated with which theorists?
Sykes & Matza
______ theory assumes that all people would naturally commit crimes if not for restraints on the selfish tendencies that exist in every individual.
Control
Group conflict theory was introduced by ______.
George Vold
Chronic offending often starts with ______ offenses, such as truancy, smoking, and underage drinking.
minor
According to Shaw and McKay, cities with the highest rates of crime have at least three factors: physical dilapidation, poverty, and ______.
heterogeneity
In the process of classical conditioning, the organism, animal, or person is a(n) ______ actor in the process, simply receiving stimuli and responding.
passive
Who developed containment theory?
Walter Reckless
Group conflict theory focuses only on those situations in which criminal behavior is a result of conflicting group interests, which includes crimes arising from ______.
racial and ethnic clashes
Lambda is measure of for the ______ of a person’s offending.
frequency
Some critics of Shaw and McKay have stated that their original research did not actually measure their primary construct of ______.
social disorganization
Sutherland claimed that differential associations vary in which ways?
duration, intensity, frequency, and priority
What are the elements of a social bond per Hirschi?
attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief
Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance was written by ______ about the labeling perspective.
Howard Becker
Sampson and Laub strongly emphasize the importance of ______, or specific events that are important in altering long-term trends in behavior.
transitions
Walter Miller contended that the lower-class had its own cultural value system based on six ______.
focal concerns
Bandura demonstrated, through a series of theoretical and experimental studies, that a significant amount of learning takes place ______.
without conditioning or responses to a given behavior
What element of social bond pertains to the moral beliefs about societal laws and rules, influencing the likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior.
Belief
Which term refers to the most dramatic way to initiate the process of giving an individual a new identity, such as via a criminal trial?
status-degradation ceremony
Thornberry combined ______ models when developing the interactional model.
social control and social learning