Scientific Method, Evolution, Chemistry
Following a scientific method, what is the correct order of steps? Include: (hypothesis, communicate results, analysis, conclusion, observation, and experiment)
Observation, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, conclusion, and communicate results.
Why can carbon form diverse molecules?
Carbon has four valence electrons which mean it can form four covalent bonds with other atoms.
Which molecule has both hydrophillic and hydrophobic properties and is found in the plasma membrane?
Phospholipid.
What are the main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes: no membrane bound organelles, no nucleus, smaller in size, asexual reproduction, (bacteria)
Eukaryotes: has a true nucleus enclosed by a nuclear envelope, contains membrane bound organelles, larger in size, (plants, animals, etc).
What is the central dogma of biology?
DNA ----- Transcription ---RNA----Translation---Protein
Which taxonomic domain includes multicellular photosynthetic organisms?
Eukarya
Why does water have surface tension?
Because of hydrogen bonds between water molecules at the surface
Describe the structure of proteins.
Primary: sequence of amino acids that make up proteins. Secondary: Alpha Helix/beta sheet. Tertiary: R groups interact with eachother. Quarternary: two or more individual sub-units; multiple poly-peptide chain
What is the difference between Rougher ER and Smooth ER?
The Rough ER synthesize proteins while the Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and is involved in detoxification!
List the four pathways of cellular respiration.
Glycolysis
Pyruvate Processing
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Atoms with the same number of protons but with different electrical charges are _____
different ions
The electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atoms nucleus rather than the hydrogen atom's nucleus.
OR: because it is a polar bond.
List the three parts of a nucleotide
1) pentose sugar
2) phosphate group
3) nitrogenous base
Describe and give the function of the following organlles: nucleus,mitochondrion,chloroplast
Nucleus: enclosed in a double membrane, contains cells genetic material
Chloroplasts: harvests energy from sunlight
Mitochondrion: turns food into energy (ATP) providing energy for the cell - BONUS: how does this happen?
Discuss redox reactions in terms of both electron and energy transfer.
Oxidation is loss of electrons
Reduction is gain of electrons
Describe an ionic, polar, and non-polar bond
An ionic bond involces an attraction between ions of opposite charges.
Polar bonds are an unequal sharing of electrons.
Non-polar bonds are equal sharing of electrons.
Name the properties of water.
Cohesion and Adhesion
High Specific Heat
High Heat of Vaporization
Capillary Action
Density of Ice
Compare and Contrast DNA and RNA
DNA: deoxyribose sugar, double stranded, passes genetic code to offspring, found in the nucleus
RNA: ribose sugare, single-stranded, copies genetic code so that proteins can be made
List and describe the three types of endocytosis.
Phagocytosis: cell eating
Pinocytosis: cell drinking
Receptor-mediated endocytosis: specific molecules bind to receptors on the cell surface the binding triggers the formation of a vesicle allowing uptake of the target molecule.
Explain why enzymes have an optimal temperature and pH. What happens when they deviate too far from these optimal conditions?
The enzymes becomes denatured when they deviate far from their optimal conditions.
Do they deserve points?
Explain how the pH scale works.
7= neutral
<7= Acidic
>7=Basic
What is the main function of starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan.
Starch: stores energy
Glycogen: stores energy for animals
Cellulose: structure in plants
Chitin: structure in fungi
Summarize the Endomembrane System
1. Proteins and are synthesized in the ER
2. Vesicles transport them to the Golgi apparatus for modification and sorting
3. The producrs are sent to the plasma membrane
List the reactants and products of the Calvin Cycle
Reactants: Carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH
Products: (G3P), NADP, ADP + P