Strain
General strain theory has three categories of strain: presentation of noxious stimuli, removal of positively valued stimuli, and ______.
failure to achieve goals
According to Burgess’s theory of concentric circles, Zone ______ was the “workingmen’s homes,” largely made up of relatively modest homes and apartments.
III
Which type of conditioning is concerned with how behavior is influenced by reinforcements and punishments?
Operant
According to conflict theory, deviance is created by ______.
society
Moffitt proposed that ______ offenders start offending early and continue into old age.
life-course persistent
One thing all forms of strain theory have in common is their emphasis on a sense of ______ in crime causation.
frustration
A pocket of individuals who may have a set of norms that deviate from conventional values is a ______.
subculture
Sutherland was interested in explaining ______.
how criminal values and attitudes could be culturally transmitted
Criminologists who promote radical conflict perspectives can trace their beliefs back to the writings of ______.
Karl Marx
Which theorists would be most likely to contend that an individual can change and stop offending, especially when positive transitions occur?
Sampson and Laub
Durkheim called primitive societies with a simple distribution of labor and high level of agreement about social norms and rules ______ societies.
mechanical
The ______ model assumes that all cities grow in a natural way with the same five zones.
concentric circles
Sutherland claimed that differential associations vary in which way?
Duration, frequency, intensity, and priority
Marx called the oppressed group of workers exploited by the capitalists who never profit from their own efforts because the upper class owns and controls the means of production the ______.
proletariat
Commitment to school and attachments to ______ are some of the most essential predictors of delinquency, according to Thornberry’s interactional model.
Similarities in daily routine and constant interaction with like members of society lead to a strong uniformity in values that Durkheim called ______.
collective conscience
According to Shaw and McKay, cities with the highest rates of crime have at least three factors: physical dilapidation, poverty, and ______.
heterogeneity
The neutralizing technique found primarily in corporate settings is ______, which essentially is the belief that an individual or group has done so much good that they are entitled to mess up by doing something illegal.
metaphor of the ledger
Which term refers to the most dramatic way to initiate the process of giving an individual a new identity, such as via a criminal trial?
status-degradation ceremony
One Thornberry’s five primary theoretical constructs that explain criminal behavior is a person’s ______.
According to differential opportunity theory, what are the three types of gangs?
criminal, conflict, and retreatist
______ claimed that much of human behavior, especially the way cities grow, follows the basic principles of ecology that had already been documented and applied to wildlife.
Robert Park
Why is it called neutralization theory?
People justify and rationalize behavior by through “neutralizing” it, making excuses for behavior they know is wrong.
______ contends that society should attempt reconciliation through mediation and dispute settlement.
Peacemaking criminology
Developmental theory differs from low self-control theory in that it believes that ______.
people can change over time