Everyday Memory & Errors
What is the relationship between stress and memory for emotional stimuli?
stress is related to enhanced memory for emotionally arousing stimuli
Suppose you recently watched a movie where the main character died in a plan crash and you later overestimate the probability of a plane crash occurring when making your travel plans. Which decision heuristic is this an example of?
Availability Heuristic
How does visual imagery affect our ability to remember abstract vs. concrete nouns?
It helps us remember concrete nouns because we are better able to generate visual images for concrete nouns, an encoding strategy known to improve memory encoding
What is the goal of means-end analysis?
To reduce the difference between an initial and goal state by creating subgoals
What are garden path sentences?
Sentences that appear to mean one thing but then end up meaning something else
What is one similarity between every-day memories vs. flashbulb memories AND what is one difference?
Similarity: number & acurracy of details decline with time
Difference: flashbulb memories have higher confidence and vivideness
We tend to __________ what our negative emotional response will be to a potential loss.
overestimate
What are the two types visual imagery representations that have been proposed? Name them and describe each.
•Depictive/Spatial representations retain properties of images;Propositional representations use symbols or sentences
People are _______ (good/bad) at predicting how close they are to a solution when working on an insight based problem.
bad
The phenomenon in which what we see affects what we hear refers to
McGurk Effect
What is the reminiscence bump & what is one theory for why it occurs?
Enhanced memory for life events that occur during adolescence and young adulthood;1) self-image hypothesis: enhance memory for events that occur when forming self-image 2) cognitive hypothesis:periods of rapid change followed by stability cause stronger memory encoding 3) cultural life script hypothesis: events in person's life are easier to recall when they fit cultural life script/societal expectations
What is the "Base rate" and which decision heuristic is it associated with?
relative proportion in the population; The representativeness heuristic
How have mental rotation tasks been used to support the idea that visual imagery and perception share a common mechanism?
Like physical perception, the further a mental image is rotated, the longer it takes
What are the two brain networks associated with creativity?
Default mode network; executive control network
phoneme restoration
What are two proposed explanations for the misinformation effect?
retroactive interference and source monitoring errors
Our tendency to change our preference between two options when presented with a third refers to:
The decoy effect
What is one piece of data/example that suggests the overlap between perception and visual imagery is not perfect.
Neuropsychological evidence that one can be disrupted while the other remains intact;difference in fMRI activation for perception vs. imagery particularly in primary visual areas
Suppose you had an "aha" moment after changing the way you thought about using a wrench to solve a problem. This change in thinking is an example of __________ and is central the _______ approach to problem-solving.
Restructuring;Gestalt
What is one piece of evidence to suggest that there is a universal need for humans to communicate via language?
Language development is similar across cultures (trajectories, grammatical rules etc); Deaf children in environment where nobody speaks/uses sign language invented a sign language themselves
Give an example of pragmatic inference and explain how pragmatic inference could result in false memories.
Expecting "melted" in the sentence: "The children's snowman vanished when temperatures reached 80". Are pre-existing knowledge/expectations can alter our memory from what we actually experienced.
If you implement plan A, there is a 1/3 probability that nobody will die and a 2/3 probability that 600 people will die. This type of framing is most likely to result in _______ a (Risk aversion/Risk taking) strategy.
Risk-taking
How has specificity coding been used to support the idea that there is a shared mechanism between perception and visual imagery?
Neurons that respond selectively when perceiving certain stimuli also respond when imaging the same stimuli
What is the proposed role of the executive control network in creativity.
the “traffic cop” guiding thinking in original directions
Name and describe three characteristics that are thought to make human language distinct from other forms of animal communication.
•Discreteness: a set of individual units (sounds/words) that can be combined to communicate new ideas
•Grammar: a system of rules that tells you how to combine those individual units
•Displacement: ability to talk about things not immediately in front of you
•Productivity: ability to use language to create an infinite number of messages