Renal
Antidiuretic hormone exerts its effect on this second messenger system.
What is...
Monocytes travel from the circulatory system to general connective tissues, where they differentiate into what cell type?
Macrophages
Hormones care made of the following ___________, ________, and _____________.
What are peptides, steroids, amines.
What is the major hormone responsible for mediating the body's general response to stress?
What is cortisol?
All of the glomeruli are located in the renal ________
What is...
Cortex
Filtration occurs in the _______, most reabsorption occurs in the _________ and urine is transported from the kidney to the bladder in the ________.
What is...
glomerulus, proximal tubule, ureter
Cytotoxic T cells require this protein to recognize foreign antigens.
What is...
Class I MHC proteins
True or False: The mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones is generally via the stimulation or inhibition of specific DNA-dependent protein synthesis.
To synthesize thyroid hormones, iodine is attached to ____________________?
What is the amino acid, 'tyrosine.'
The countercurrent exchange system operates because fluid flows in opposite directions through the two segments of the _____________ and the gradient is maintained by the _______________.
What is...
Loop of Henle, Vasa Recta
Which of the following would cause the greatest increase in the GFR?
Afferent arteriolar constriction
Efferent arteriolar constriction
Renal artery constriction
Renal vein constriction
What is...
Efferent arteriolar constriction
A drug company produces an anti-venom for snake bites and terms it "snake rescue gamma globulin." The anti-venom is probably made from which type of antibody? and WHY?
What is...
IgG
A patient appears in a clinic complaining of irritability and chronic sweatiness. He also has a lump in his neck near his larynx. Blood tests show he has low levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in his plasma. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
What is Grave's disease
In children experiencing significant stress for the longest period of time results in a decreased __________.
What is bone and mineral density?
A 21-year-old woman is stung by a bee. Within 5 minutes she develops severe dyspnea. On her skin are blotchy areas of erythema. She is given an injection of epinephrine and improves over the next 30 minutes. She receives therapy over the next year in which she receives small injections of bee venom. The most likely goal of this therapy is replacement of which of the following forms of immunoglobulin on her mast cells?
What is...
IgE
After prolonged exertion in a hot climate, baroreceptors would __________ firing, leading to __________ secretion of __________ and thus __________ renal reabsorption of __________.
What is...
decrease; increased; vasopressin; increased; water
Adaptive immune responses differ from innate immune responses in that the adaptive response is mediated by lymphocytes. (T/F)
What is...
True
Which of the following is NOT stimulated by cortisol during stress?
Gluconeogenesis
Protein catabolism
Glucose uptake into muscle cells
Triglyceride catabolism in adipose cells
Decreased sensitivity to insulin
What is "glucose uptake into muscle cells."
Which is a result of an absence of thyroid hormones during fetal development?
Acromegaly
Cushing's syndrome
Congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism)
Graves' disease
Addison's disease
What is 'congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism).'
This endocrine hormone stimulates the secretion of cortisol
What is...
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH, corticotropin)
What is...
Macula Densa and Juxtaglomerular cells
What cell type binds to antigens on plasma membranes of target cells and directly destroys the cells?
What is...
Cytotoxic T cells
Which is NOT an effect of parathyroid hormone?
Increases the bone-degrading activity of osteoclasts
Decreases reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys
Promotes vitamin D synthesis, leading to increased intestinal absorption of calcium
Increases plasma [Ca2+]
Decreases reabsorption of phosphate by the kidneys
What is 'decreases reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys.'
Which statement best describes the manner in which growth hormone stimulates cell proliferation?
It directly stimulates cell division in most tissues.
It stimulates the release of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) from the liver and other target tissues of growth hormone.
It stimulates metabolism.
It stimulates the release of eicosanoids from lymphoid tissues.
It stimulates sleep.
What is 'stimulates the release of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) from the liver and other target tissues of growth hormone.'
Why might different MHC I molecules between donor and recipient cells lead to rejection of a transplanted organ or tissue?