22 - The Respiratory System
The pleurae divide the thoracic cavity into how many separate compartments?
(What is) Three?
The duct of the gallbladder is called the __________.
(What is) cystic duct ?
Each ureter begins superiorly, at which vertebral level?
(What are) L2?
Which vessels undergo degeneration and regeneration during each successive menstrual cycle?
(What are) Spiral arteries?
A surgeon had to remove three adjacent bronchopulmonary segments from the left lung of a patient with tuberculosis. Even though almost half of the lung was removed, there was no severe bleeding, and relatively few blood vessels had to be cauterized (closed off). Why was this surgery so easy to perform?
The surgery was easy to perform because each bronchopulmonary segment has its own dedicated pulmonary arterial branch. Each segment is supplied by its own bronchus and artery so they are anatomically and functionally distinct. Each segment can be removed without affecting the other segments. Also, the surgeon only had to cauterize the blood vessels involved in the segments to be removed.
The __________ is a lymphoid organ that provides the middle ear some protection against infections that may spread from the pharynx.
(What is) tubal tonsil ?
Which cell population makes, stores and secretes at least 22 kinds of pancreatic enzymes, which are capable of digesting the various categories of foodstuffs?
(What are) Acinar cells?
The trigone is located in which urinary structure(s)?
(What is) Urinary bladder?
Overall, the process of spermatogenesis is controlled by the stimulating action of __________.
(What are) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone?
Duncan, an inquisitive 8-year-old, saw his grandfather’s dentures soaking overnight in a glass of water. He asked his grandfather how his real teeth had fallen out. Assuming the grandfather remembered the events correctly but was not a medical expert and used layperson’s terms, reconstruct the kind of story the man is likely to have told.
The grandfather probably told Duncal that his teeth fell out due to poor oral hygiene. In his youth, he ate a lot of sweet foods and would forget to brush his teeth or floss. Because of that, bacteria entered his gums, and broke down the tissues that held the teeth in place, which caused his teeth to fall out.
Which disorder is characterized by a permanent enlargement of the alveoli, as a result of a deterioration of the alveolar walls?
(What is) Obstructive emphysema?
The pharyngeal constrictors are skeletal muscles, which are innervated by __________.
(What is) CN X?
The glomerulus is fed and drained by which structure(s)?
(What are) Afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole?
Which embryonic structure persists in females as the vestibule?
(What is) Urethral groove?
People at risk for developing bladder cancer are encouraged to drink more fluids. Describe why this lowers one’s chances of getting bladder cancer.
Drinking more fluids increases urine production resulting in more frequent urination. This dilutes potentially carcinogenic chemicals in urine (e.g., toxins from smoking), reduces the time urine stays in the bladder, lowering mucosal exposure to harmful substances, and flushes the bladder more often. Less exposure of the bladder lining to carcinogens lowers cancer risk.
The cough reflex often originates at the __________.
(What is) carina?
The structure composed of a branch of the hepatic artery, a branch of the hepatic portal vein, and a small branch of a bile duct is __________.
(What is) a portal triad
Why are the regions of L2, the sacroiliac joint, and the site where the ureters join the urinary bladder particularly susceptible places for kidney stones to lodge in the ureters?
These regions have narrower diameters than other regions of the ureter.
The phases of the uterine cycle are __________.
(What are) the menstrual phase (days 1–5); the proliferative phase (days 6–14); and the secretory phase (days 15–28) ?
Gina gave birth to six children. During an examination, the doctor sees her cervix protruding from the vaginal orifice. What is Gina’s condition, and what has caused it?
Gina is likely experiencing a "uterine prolapse," which means her uterus has dropped down into the vaginal canal, causing her cervix to protrude from the vaginal opening; this is most likely caused by the weakening of the pelvic floor muscles due to multiple vaginal deliveries (having six children) which stretched and damaged the supporting tissues around her uterus
Your patient recently had surgery on his aortic arch. Since then, he has experienced a hoarse voice. What can you tell him about why he sounds like he has a sore throat?
(What is) During the surgery, surgeons may have damaged his left recurrent laryngeal nerve.?
Of the many structures that pass through the liver's fissure, which structure is a remnant of the umbilical vein in the fetus, and ascends to the liver from the navel?
(What is) Ligamentum teres?
If the metanephric kidneys are not producing an adequate volume of urine from month three of fetal life in utero, what is a potential result?
The volume of amniotic fluid would be low or inadequate
Beginning after the seminiferous tubules and ending with the external urethral orifice, sperm pass through the male reproductive tract in what order?
Straight tubule; rete testis; efferent ductule; duct of the epididymis; ductus deferens; ampulla of ductus deferens; ejaculatory duct; prostatic urethra; membranous urethra; and spongy urethra
After a 4-year-old child had surgery that successfully closed off a patent ductus arteriosus, the child’s voice was hoarse, and an examination revealed that many muscles in the left half of the larynx were paralyzed. What had gone wrong during surgery to cause the paralysis?
Patent ductus arteriosus is a disorder in which the ductus arteriosus ( a passage that leads the fetal, oxygen-rich blood from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta ) stays open after the birth. To reach the ductus arteriosus, the surgeon has to work closely to the aortic arch, the left recurrent laryngeal loop is under the aortic arch. The surgeon probably damaged this nerve during the surgery which paralyzed the child’s muscles and caused the hoarse voice.