Directions/movement
flexion: moving to bones together, typically takes place in anterior direction
What are the 4 types of bone shapes and give an example
Long bones have a greater length than width
Short bones: cube shaped, fairly equal in length and width
Flat: Thin and offer a lot of protection
Irregular: irregular bones that are complex shaped and don’t follow the other three shapes
This molecule supplies a direct source of energy needed for muscle contraction
ATP
Gastrocnemius
Knee flexion, plantar flexion
O: femoral condyles
I: calcaneous
Latissimus Dorsi
Ext, IR, adduct
O: inferior angle of scapula, SP T7-12, rib 8-12, TL aponeurosis, posterior illiac crest
I: Intertubercular groove humerus
Whats the difference between abduction and horizonal abduction? Demonstrate at the GH joint, ST joint
protraction retraction
Osteocyte vs osteoblast vs osteoclast
cell
The term used for the capacity of a muscle to shorten.
Contractility
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flex wrist, adduct wrist, can assist elbow flexion
O: Medial Epi, Ulna
I: 5th metacarpal, pisiform, hamate
Serratus anterior
protract/abduct scapula, UpR, depress scap
Identify 3 planes and what does it separate. Give me a movement that occurs at each plane, demonstrate
Frontal: AP. Abduction
Saggital: LR, flexion extension
Transvers: superior posterior, rotation
5 functions/purposes of the skeletal system
Support: structural framework for the body, supports soft tissues, is a point of attachment for muscles
Protection: skull which is a flat bone protects out brain, vertebral column protects our spinal cord. Rib cage protects our heart
Movement: Muscles have a pount of attachment on bones, so when muscles contract it pulls on the bones and they move
Homeostasis: Stores minerals- most importantly calcium and phosphorus. Bones can deposit minerals into the bloodstream to other parts of the body to maintain homeostasis
Production of blood cells: In developing bones of the fetus, and adult areas like the pelvis, spongey areas of long bones, and axial skeleton- red bone marrow is present.. Red bone marrow makes RBC, WBC, platelets. Process is called hemopoiesis (makes blood)
Triglycerise storage: Withincreasing age to around 7 only red bone marrow is found, then red bone marrow turns to yellow bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow consists of adipose cells which store triglycerides. Triglycerides are energy reserve
The term used for the capacity of a muscle to be stretched to normal resting length and beyond to a limited degree
The capacity of a muscle to be stretched then return to original resting length
Extensibility
elasticity
Deltoid
flex, ext, IR, ER, abduction, horizontal add/abd
O: clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
I: deltoid tuberosity
Scalenes
Elevate ribs, rotate head and neck to opposit side, lateral neck flexion
O: TP C2-C7
I: Rib 1-2
When would I describe superior and posterior vs proximal and distal. Give me an example
superior posterior trunk and head related, proximal distal is arm and leg
Difference between Kyphosis, lordosis, scoliotic curves. What part of the spine may I find kyphotic and lordotic curvatures?
kyphosis thoracic and sacral, lordosis cervical and lumbar.
Describe 4 functions of the muscular system
Produces movement: allows us to walk across the room, drive a car. Muscles attach to bones to provice legarage to make movement possible
Stabilize body position/posture: again attach to bones to allow us to contort ourselves in certain positions. If we don’t have functioning muscles nothing supports our skeleton and we would slump over
Regulate organ volume: refers to sphincters which control th release of substances from the stomach or bladder
Moving substances within the body: Cardiac muscle tissue pumps blood through blood vessels throughout the body, it moves urine through the bladder, blood vessles constrict to increase blood flow in arteries. Skeletal muscles pump blood through veins back to the heart
Produces heat: muscle use a lot of energy. Remember there are a lot of mitochondria here producing ATP, they are the powerhouse! When muscles use energy heat is produced.
Coracobrachialis
Flex shoulder adduct shoulder
O: coracoid process
I: mid humeral shaft
Splenius capitus
Extend neck, lateral flex neck, rotate to same side
O: ligamentum nuchae and SSP c7-T4
I: mastoid process of temporal bone, superior nuchal line of occiput
Describe point A in relation to point B
Point A: ASIS
Point B: pectinieal line (superior linea aspara below lesser trochanter)
Point A is proximal, lateral, superficial, anterior
Tell me where diaphyis, epiphysis, metaphysis are
Tell me where can i find articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, endosteum
Diaphysis: Bone shaft, the long cylinder region
Epiphysis: the rounded ends of the bone
Metaphysis: the widening area from the diaphysis to the epiphysis.
-In growing bones you can find the epiphyseal plate here, that is the growth plate. It is made of hyaline cartalage. When growing stops it turns to bone
Articular cartalage: A layer of cartilage that covers the ends of the bones to allow movement between joints. The function is to reduce friction and absorb shock. It can wear away with extended use or injury, and does not repair because of it being avascular.
Periosteum: Peri- around; A membranous tissue outside of the bone made of dense irregular CT. covers areas that arent covered by articular cartilage. Containes bone cells called osteoblasts which help build bone width- NOT length. Functions are to protect bone, nourish bone, because it has osteoblasts it help with bone repair as well, ligaments and tendons attach to this aspect
Medullary cavity: Within the diaphysis of the bone there is a hollow area where yellow bone marrow is found
Endosteum: Endo is the inside- the memberous layer that lines the medullary cavity
3 types of muscle and how do i tell the difference between them? Where are they found? which has striations?
Skeletal: has these alternating bands of protein giving it striated or striped look. It is voluntary, which means you get to control when you flex and contract your muscle.
Cardiac: also striated, only found within the heart wall. Regenerates easier than skeletal muscle. Is involuntary and has intercalated discs which help the cardiac tissue move in sync, rapid action potentials. It has one nucleus and often has a lot of branches within its fibers. These are always contacted and need lots of ATP, thus it has more and larger mitochondria
Smooth muscle tissue: smooth because it has no striations. Also very slow contraction time and involuntary, located in hollow areas like blood vessles, intestines. Is also the muscle that pulls the hair follicles called arrector pili. Has the highest ability t regenerate but it is still slower than epithelial tissue
Smaller in length and diamerter than skeletal muscles
Flexor digitorum longus
plantarflex, flex 2-5 toes, invert foot
O: middle posterior tibia
I: distal phalanges 2-5
Medial pterygoid
Lateral deviation opposite side, elevate, protract mandible
O: pterygoid plate
I: medial surface of ramus of mandible