UNIT 1
A solution with a high number of hydrogen ions is _________ and has a ______ pH value
acidic; low
Determine the 2 categories of nucleobasis and list the types found in each category
Purines : A G
Pyrimidines: C U T
Any process which requires or absorbs energy from its surroundings, usually in the form of heat
Endothermic reaction or endergonic
A regulated process during gene expression that results in a single gene coding for multiple proteins
Alternative splicing
A male beetle has the genotype Ttbb. If this beetle mates with a female with genotype TTBb, what is the chance their offspring will have the genotype TtBb?
25%
The tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons towards itself defines its...
electronegativity
List 4 types of protein structures and describe which protein structure exhibits 3D folding structure of a protein due to side chain interactions?
Primary: Chain of Amino Acids
Secondary: Hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causing amino acids to fold repeatedly
Tertiary: 3D folding structure of a protein due to side chain interactions
Quaternary: Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
A process or reaction that releases energy from the system to its surroundings
Exothermic reaction or exergonic
List the stages of Meiosis
PMAT 1 and PMAT 2
What fraction of offspring from the cross AaBB x Aabb will be heterozygous for both traits?
1/2
phosphate group, a sugar group and a nitrogen base makes up a...
nucleotide
Utilizing ACTIVE (uses ATP) transport this enzyme moves sodium ions out of and potassium ions into the cell against the concentration gradient (Ie low to high). These enzymes are found in membranes of all animal cells
NA/K+ pump
an inhibitor that resembles the normal substrate binds to the enzyme, usually at the active site, and prevents the substrate from binding. What type of inhibition is this?
competitive inhibition
The nuclear envelope has completely broken down and the chromosomes are condensing. The kinetochores appear at the centromeres and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores. What phase of Mitosis is this describing?
Prometaphase
Cross Two plants that are Homozygous for BOTH traits
R = round seeds, r = wrinkled seeds Y = yellow seeds, y = green seeds
What percent will have Round and Yellow seeds?
100%
Polymer chains are made up of single subunits called...
monomers
List three types of passive transport (WITHOUT ATP)
and three types of active transport (WITH ATP)
PASSIVE: simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion
ACTIVE: The Sodium-Potassium pump, Exocytosis, and Endocytosis
binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site. The shape of the active site is altered so that the enzyme can no longer bind to its substrate. What type of enzyme inhibition is this?
Allosteric inhibitor
1. What ploidy do you start Meiosis 1 with?
2. What ploidy are the 4 gametes you have at the end of Meiosis II
3. How many chromosomes will a human gamete have?
1) interphase: 2n (diploid)
2) 1n (haploid)
2) 23 (46/2)
If you have a parent who has GgBb as their genotype, what are the possible alleles they could donate to their gametes?
GB, Gb, gB, gb
This functional group is considered acidic due to its ability to release H+ atoms into a solution. You can find this group during cellular respiration as well as in the units found in the cellular membrane
Phosphate group
List the three types on endocytosis (INTO CELL)
and what is it called when substances LEAVE the cell via vesicle?
1. Endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated
2. Exocytosis
List the stages of Cellular respiration. In each step mention how much ATP is PRODUCED by that step per 1 glucose molecule? (Dont worry about the input ATPS)
Glycolysis = 2 ATP
Krebs (citric acid) cycle = 2
Electron transport approximately 32 ATP
NET 36 ATP per 1 glucose molecule
The spindle microtubules have disappeared. Two clusters of chromosomes have formed. Each contains one member of each pair of homologues. The daughter nuclei are now haploid. little to no interphase will occur following this step
Telophase 1
Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What percentage of the offspring of the cross BbTt x BBtt will have black fur and long tails?
50%