Skill Acquisition
This is the first stage in Fitts and Posner’s model of skill learning where the learner learns the fundamental movement patterns
Cognitive Stage
These are environmental agents that cause harm during prenatal development.
Teratogens
Running, jumping, and throwing are examples of what skill category.
Fundamental movement skills
This term describes a person's age based on their cells' and tissues' condition and health
Biological Age
SMART goals must be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and this.
Time-bound/Timely
In Bernstein’s first stage, novices simplify movement by decreasing their degrees of freedom
Freezing the limbs
These movements occur without external stimulus and are not goal-directed.
Spontaneous movements/ rhythmical stereotypies
This analysis approach breaks movements into specific phases or segments.
Component approach
When does peak athletic performance occur?
Between ages 25 and 35
This type of practice involves practicing one skill repeatedly before moving on
Blocked practice
In Fitts and Posner’s second stage, the learnerrefining the movement.
Associative Stage
The Sucking and Moro reflexes are examples of this type of reflex
Primitive reflexes
At the elementary stage of walking, this arm movement pattern is often seen.
Guarding position / arms held horizontally
This is the biggest concerns regarding phyiscal activity in older adults
Falling
This type of feedback focuses on movement technique rather than outcome
Knowledge of performance
When a coach gives step-by-step instructions or explains technique verbally, they are promoting this type of learning
Explicit learning
This grip describes the grasping of an object by supporting it with the palm of the hand and the undersurface of the fingers
Power Grip
Quantitative analysis focuses on this aspect of motor skill performance
Measurable outcomes or product
The simplest way to measure the age of peak athletic performance in humans is to
Compare the ages of world record holders
This term refers to the learning benefit that results from practicing multiple skills in a varied and often random order, despite initial performance being more difficult.
Contextual interference
These three constraints interact to influence motor development.
Individual, environmental, and task constraints
These three types of locomotion emerge in infancy
Crawling, creeping, and cruising
Boys tend to throw better than girls, partly due to differences in this area.
Upper body strength or practice opportunities
Name two age-related gait changes in older adulthood
1.Decreased velocity
2.Decreased step length (distance traveled to alternate feet)
3.Decreased step frequency (walking cadence)
4.Decreased stride length (distance traveled with same foot)
5.Increased stride width (distance between two feet)
6.Increased stance phase (begins when first foot contacts the ground)
7.Increased time in double support (time when both feet are in contact with the ground)
8.Decreased time in swing phase (begins as the foot leaves the ground
9.Flatter foot-floor pattern
10.Reduced arm swing
This approach to instruction involves systematically modifying task, environment, or individual constraints to match a learner’s needs and capabilities.
Ecological Task Analysis