ANS
A patient has decreased heart rate, increased digestion, and constricted pupils. → Which division is active AND why?
Parasympathetic; body is conserving energy (rest and digest)
A patient loses the ability to smell after head trauma. → Which cranial nerve is affected AND where does it project?
CN I; olfactory bulb → temporal lobe/limbic system
If Ca²⁺ is not released in a muscle cell, → what happens to contraction?
No contraction (cross-bridges cannot form)
A patient has damage to cells responsible for producing keratin. → Which cells are affected AND what tissue is this?
Keratinocytes; epithelial tissue
A molecule moves from high to low concentration without energy. → What process is this?
Diffusion
A drug blocks acetylcholine receptors on parasympathetic organs. → What happens to digestion and heart rate?
Digestion decreases; heart rate increases
A patient cannot taste food on the front of the tongue. → Which nerve is damaged?
CN VII
A muscle cell runs out of ATP. → What happens to the muscle state?
Stays contracted (cannot detach myosin)
Bone tissue is damaged but still maintains structure. → Which cells are likely still functioning?
Osteocytes
A cell moves ions against their gradient using ATP. → What type of transport is this?
Active transport
A patient is sweating heavily during exercise. → Why is this considered unusual for sympathetic signaling?
Sympathetic usually uses NE, but sweat glands use ACh
A patient hears sounds but cannot detect high-pitched tones. → Which part of the cochlea is likely affected?
Near the oval window (base)
During a synapse, Ca²⁺ channels are blocked. → What happens to neurotransmitter release?
It decreases or stops
A patient has nerve damage in the PNS affecting myelin. → Which cells are affected?
Schwann cells
A channel opens only when a specific molecule binds to it. → What type of channel is this?
Ligand-gated channel
If preganglionic neurons are cut, → what happens to BOTH sympathetic and parasympathetic responses?
Both are lost (all preganglionic neurons release ACh)
Hair cells are damaged so they cannot bend toward the kinocilium. → What happens to neurotransmitter release?
Decreases (no depolarization)
If K⁺ cannot leave the neuron, → what phase of the action potential is affected?
Repolarization
Damage to CNS support cells causes loss of nutrient support to neurons. → Which cells are affected?
Astrocytes
A neuron membrane becomes more positive, triggering channels to open. → What type of channel is involved?
Voltage-gated channel
A patient has normal nerve signaling to organs, but no response occurs. → Is the issue more likely with receptors or neurons? Explain.
Receptors; signal arrives but target can’t respond
A patient has difficulty maintaining balance when moving their head quickly. → Which structures are involved AND what type of movement is affected?
Semicircular canals; angular (rotational) acceleration
A stronger stimulus is applied to a neuron. → What changes AND what stays the same in the action potential?
Frequency increases; size stays the same
A tissue is composed of tightly packed cells with little extracellular space. → What type of tissue is this AND why is this structure important?
Epithelial; protection/barrier
The blood-brain barrier prevents many substances from entering the brain. → What structures create this barrier AND why is it important?
Tight junctions + astrocytes; protects brain from harmful substances