Representation in divided societies
This term describes the tendency of voters to support candidates who share their visible characteristics or identity traits.
Descriptive representation
This is the executive-legislative system used in modern Germany.
Parliamentary system
This concept refers to voters choosing candidates based on shared ideas or ideology, regardless of their background.
Substantive representation
This regime type features formal democratic institutions as the primary means of gaining power, but incumbents violate those rules so often that the playing field is skewed.
Competitive authoritarianism
This electoral system stands to encourage moderation in highly divided societies by incentivizing politicians to appeal beyond their in-groups.
Plurality system
Use of preferential voting in this diverse Pacific island country has successfully encouraged more ethnic cooperation in politics.
Papua New Guinea
What is the term for a situation in presidential systems where both executive and legislative branches claim a direct mandate from voters?
This principle links first-past-the-post electoral systems to strategic voting and the dominance of two moderate political parties.
Duverger's law
This term refers to connections within a group or community characterized by high levels of similarity.
Bonding social capital
According to this theory, ethnicity is used strategically to obtain benefits.
Instrumentalism
This form of governance seeks to regulate the sharing of power in a state that comprises diverse societies by allocating groups specific representation in the political system.
Consociationalism
This term refers to an elected official who is still in office, can't be easily removed, and can't run for reelection.
Lame duck
Ranked-choice voting and single transferable voting are examples of this type of voting system.
Preferential voting
This theory argues that peripheral countries' reliance on core countries keeps them stuck in underdevelopment and that they need to break these connections to achieve prosperity.
Dependency theory
These organizations are seen as a remedy for polarization because they create overlapping memberships across ethnic lines.
Intercommunal civic associations
Use of this electoral system frequently exacerbates ethnic conflict because of the incentives it creates for politicians to narrowly appeal to ethnic in-groups.
Proportional representation
This extreme, right-wing German political party has captured many seats in the legislature thanks to the country's proportional representation electoral system.
Alternative for Germany (AfD)
This subnational republic of the United Kingdom uses the single transferable vote system in its parliamentary elections to encourage cooperation between two ethno-religious groups with a lengthy history of conflict.
Northern Ireland
High amounts of bridging social capital was found to mitigate ethnic conflict in particular regions of this religiously and ethnically diverse country.
India
Term used to describe political and cultural leaders who deliberately mobilize ethnic identity to gain power.
Ethnic entrepreneurs
What is the political system in which political and social organizations are based on ethnic belonging rather than individual choice?
Ethnocracy
This vote can be called for by a member of parliament to challenge the tenure of the current government if it becomes too unpopular.
Vote of no confidence
This measure captures the number of political parties in a system, weighted by their relative vote shares.
Effective number of parties (ENP)
This principle states that large organizations will naturally tend towards centralized elite control, undermining rank-and-file engagement in the organization.
(Michel's) Iron Law of Oligarchy
What was the name of the unrecognized polity and self-proclaimed Serb quasi-state within the newly independent Republic of Croatia?
(Republic of Serbian) Krajina