Elbow & Forearm
Joints and muscles of shoulder
Hand
Thorax
Axial Skeleton
100

"Carrying angle"

"necessary" to allow the forearm to clear the body

-avg: 13 degrees

-Women: up to 5 degrees greater than men

100

Sternoclavicular joint (SC)


-Only joint that connects the UE with the thorax

-all movement at the shoulder involves some SC movement

-clavicle will fracture rather than dislocate at the SC

-Synovial saddle joint

100

Joints in wrist and actions

Radio-carpal joint (primary): located between the radius, scaphoid, and lunate. Allows for flexion, extension, and radial and ulnar deviation (condyloid, ellipsoid joint)

Intercarpal joint: located between all of the carpal bones, gliding joint 

Midcarpal joint: located between the proximal and distal row of the carpal bones (gliding joint, secondary) allows for flexion, extension, radial, and ulnar deviation 

100

Thorax is composed of: 

-Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum 

-Base of muscle attachment, protection of heart, lungs, viscera

-Ventilation

100

Kyphosis and Lordosis

Kyphosis: in thoracic vertebra and sacrum (increase in posterior convexity)

-hunch back in elderly people

Lordosis: cervical and lumbar vertebrae (anteriorly convex, secondary development)-typical, we want to see them in spine

Ex: pregnant women increased lordosis in lumbar

looking at high monitor in cervical 

tummy time for babies helps baby develop lordosis curve

200

Interosseous membrane function:

-broad collagenous sheet

-binds ulna and radius

-attachment for some hand muscles

-when under tension, it provides transmission of forces between hand and wrist through forearm and elbow

200

Proximal stabilizers

Latissimus Dorsi

Pectoralis major

Trapezius

Serratus Anterior

Levator Scapulae

200

Joints in the hand: 

CMC: hard to see, located btwn the carpal and metacarpal bones

D1: saddle joint allows for opposition in thumb, circumduction, and flexion and extension (thumb radial and palmar add/abd)

D2-5: gliding joint

flexion, extension


MCP: between the metacarpals and phalanges 

D1: hinge joint 

D2-5: condyloid and elipsoid joint

Adduction and abduction 


PIP: 2nd knuckle, D2-5

flexion, extension 

DIP: D2-5

flexion, extension 

IP: D1 only 

flexion, extension 

200

Muscles of quiet inspiration 

Diaphragm and external intercostals 

200

Functions of posterior anatomy of vertebrae and anterior anatomy of vertebrae

Posterior Anatomy: 

Protects spinal cord, processes guide limit motion and increase muscle leverage 

Anterior Anatomy: 

weight-bearing

shock absorption

mobility 

300

Brachial plexus: (entire upper extremity)

Unlar nerve located where and types of syndrome?

Cubital tunnel syndrome: goes behind medial epicondyle, medial side of elbow

"hit funny bone"

Guyon's canal syndrome: runs through the wrist (4th and 5th digit)

ex: bicyclists hands on handle bars

300

Winging scapula 

serratus anterior weakness causes scapular winging

300

Wrist joint advantage + disadvantage

advantage: (multi-joint operation)

-minimal movement at each joint, but collectively achieve greater range

-relative stability and mobility 

Disadvantage: with presence of stability, vulnerable to misalignment 

-predisposed to injury with high forces

300

Forced inspiration accessory muscles

Scalenes: elevate 1st and 2nd ribs and sternum 


Sternocleidomastoid: elevates sternum 

300

Atlas and Axis joints

Atlas: Atlanto-occipital joint

allows for you to nod your head 

cervical flexion and extension and lateral flexion 

Axis: Atlanto-axial joint

allows us to shake our head no

cervical rotation/spin 

400

Brachioradialis origin and insertion and action 

origin: supracondylar ridge of humerus

insertion: styloid process of radius

Action: pronates and supinates forearm to neutral forearm position 

400

3 muscles that help with scapular upward rotation 


serratus anterior, and upper and lower trapezius work together to upwardly rotate the scapula

400

Arches in palm function

-stability

-manipulates objects

-holds objects

400

Forced expiration 

internal intercostals: draws ribs inferiorly/depresses rib cage

abdominals: compresses abdominal walls, pushing diaphragm up 

quadratus lumborum 

400

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament 

Anterior: limits too much extension 

*compressed with extension

Posterior: limits too much flexion

*compressed with flexion 

500

Pronator teres origin, insertion 

origin: medial epicondyle of humerus

insertion: radius


500

Rotator Cuff Muscles and their actions

"S.I.T.S"

Stabilization of humeral head

Supraspinatous: shoulder abduction

Infraspinatous: shoulder external rotation 

Teres Minor: shoulder external rotation

Subscapularis: shoulder internal rotation 

500

Wrist bone injuries and fractures

lunate: most frequently dislocated

scaphoid: most frequently fractured

Radial fractures:

Colle's: falling on an extended wrist

Smiths: falling on a flexed wrist 

500

Clinical considerations

Those with paralysis or weaknened abdominal muscles are at risk for....

choking and lung infection 

-C4 SCI (phrenic nerve = diaphragm) 

500

increased intradiscal pressure 



bending down to pick up a heavy box

*too much pressure on discs can herniate it, will push annulus fibrosis out and compress nerve