Final Exam (post exam 2 material)

Neural Control of Exercise

100

What are the two complementary division of the autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic and parasympathetic 

200

What hormone governs the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system? Sympathetic nervous system?

ACh -> parasympathetic 

norepinephrine -> sympathetic 

300

Name the physiological impacts of parasympathetic activity/stimulation. 

Increases: digestion/urination, diameter of vessels (via vasodilation)

Decreases: heart rate, diameter of airways (via bronchoconstriction)

400

Names the physiological impacts from sympathetic stimulation. 

Increases: HR/BP, blood flow to muscles, metabolic rate (glucose levels, FFA levels), mental activity, airway diameter (bronchodilation)

Decreases: vessel diameter (via vasoconstriction) 

500

Name the 5 steps of sensory-motor integration.

1. stimulus sensed by sensory receptor 

2. sensory AP sent on sensory neurons to CNS 

3. CNS interprets sensory information, sends out responses

4. motor AP sent out on alpha-motor neurons

5. motor AP arrives at skeletal muscle, response occurs

Principles of Exercise Training

100

Define FITT and HIIT.

Frequency, intensity, time, tempo

High-Intensity Interval Training 

200

Define Long, Slow Distance Training (LSD) and it's objective. 

training between 60-80% of HR_max (50%-75% VO_2max)

Objective: distance NOT speed

300

Name the 5 principles of exercise training. 

Variation 

individuality 

specificity 

reversibility

progressive overload

400

Define muscular strength, power, and endurance. 

Strength: max force a muscle (group) can generate in 1RM (rep max)

Power: rate of work 

Endurance: number of reps at a given % of 1RM 

500

What are the intensity percentages for each of the 3 energy systems?

ATP-PCr: 90-98%

Anaerobic glycolytic: 80-95%

Aerobic oxidative: 75-85%

Chronic Adaptations to Exercise - I

100

What two components interact to optimize cardiac output?

stroke volume and heart rate

200

What 2 factors lead to strength gains?

motor unit synchronization and motor unit recruitment 

300

What are the changes in blood pressure at rest and during exercise following exercise training?

Rest: decreases

Submax: decreases

Max: systolic increase, diastolic decrease

400

What happens to blood volume in each of its two phases after exercise training?

Rapid phase - total volume increase due to an increase in plasma proteins (water retention -> increase volume)

Slow phase - increase protein synthesis (release ADH and aldosterone -> retain water -> increase volume)

500

Why does stroke volume increase after training?

-plasma volume increase -> EDV increase -> increase preload

-resting and submax HR decrease -> increase filling time -> increase EDV

-increase left ventricular mass -> increase contractility 

-decreased total peripheral resistance -> decreased afterload

Chronic Adaptations to Exercise - II

100

Strength gains ______ occur without neural adaptations. Strength gain ______ occur without hypertrophy. 

cannot; can

200

What happens to the viscosity of the blood following exercise training?

decreases

RBC volume increases (even with decreased hematocrit)

300

How does exercise training affect blood to the active and inactive muscles?

blood flow increases to active muscles 

blood flow decreases to inactive muscles 

400

What happens to resting, submax, and max VO2 after exercise training?

Resting: unchanged

Submax: unchanged or slight decrease

Max: substantial increase (15-20%) -> better Q and capillary density

500

Why does the resting and submaximal HR decrease after training? Is there a change in max HR post training?

Resting: decreases ~1BPM per week of training & increase PNS with decrease SNS

Submax: decrease similar to resting due to absolute intensity 

Max HR doesn't significantly change but decreases with age

Aging and Exercise

100

VO_2max decreases with age due to a decrease in ____

cardiac output 

200

Name three things that decrease with aging.

-height

-fat-free mass / GH

-weight (first increases)

-VO_2max

-stroke volume

-cardiac output

300

What is the physiological response regarding muscle to endurance training? Resistance training?

Endurance -> muscle mass still declines (no impact)

Resistance -> reduces muscle atrophy & increases muscle CSA

400

What happen to the size and number of muscle fiber types I & II? What happens specifically to muscle II fibers with aging?

both decrease in size and number

decrease in motor neurons -> higher % type I fibers

500

Maximal stroke volume (SV) decreases with age. Why?

VO_2max decrease with age due to cardiac output

Also, decrease in:
contractility, hormonal impact, arterial stiffness, LV mass, HR max