Biopsychology/Memory
What are the 2 major divisions of the nervous system
central; peripheral nervous systems
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
learning
What is self-efficacy?
an individual’s belief in their own capability to complete a task, which may include a previous successful completion of the exact task or a similar task.
Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, “my smother” instead of “my mother.” What does this exemplify?
freudian slip
Explain the subspeciality of social psychology. What is the discipline concenred with?
focuses on how we interact with and relate to others.
Identify one neurotransmitter involved in mood and sleep.
Dopamine, GABA, serotonin
What is rewarding step-by-step progress toward a goal behavior?
shaping
Define intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and provide an example of each one
Intrinsic motivation comes from within the individual, while extrinsic motivation comes from outside the individual.
According to Carl Rogers, a healthy personality would result from congruence between one’s ______ self and their ________ self.
real;ideal
The ________is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.
just world hypothesis
Define anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia.
Memory problems that extend back in time before the injury and prevent retrieval of information previously stored in long-term memory are known as retrograde amnesia.
Conversely, memory problems that extend forward in time from the point of injury and prevent the formation of new memories are called anterograde amnesia.
What is a role schema?
A role schema makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave
Tesla crafts imitation dream catchers in her spare time. Her father constantly encourages her to sell them on eBay. When she finally agrees to sell them, she notices that while she still enjoys making the dream catchers, she no longer does it for fun—she does it to make money. This is an example of the ________ effect.
overjustification effect—intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given.
________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.
trait
Explain the concept of social loafing
a reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled.
Explain the process of memory (encoding, storage, and retrieval)
Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system. Storage is the retention of the encoded information. Retrieval, or getting the information out of memory and back into awareness, is the third function.
You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________
Stimulus discrimination
After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. Within the psychosocial model of development, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?
integrity vs despair
Explain locus of control
beliefs about the power we have over our lives; an external locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an internal locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes
Explain groupthink
group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus
What are the three major divisions of the brain? Identify the function of at least one division.
Forebrain (largest part of the brain--consciousness, thought, emotion, reasoning, language, and memory). midbrain (sleep/wake cycle, arousal, alertness, and motor activity, dopamine center of brain), hindbrain (automatic processes of the autonomic nervous system, such as breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate)
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
classical conditioning- associate events—or stimuli—that repeatedly happen together.
operant conditioning- organisms learn to associate events—a behavior and its consequence (reinforcement or punishment).
What is the difference between emotion and mood?
Typically, the word emotion indicates a subjective, affective state that is relatively intense and that occurs in response to something we experience. Emotions are often thought to be consciously experienced and intentional.
Mood, on the other hand, refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.
Explain how the id, ego, and superego combine to form personality.
The job of the ego, or self, is to balance the aggressive/pleasure-seeking drives of the id with the moral control of the superego.
When group majority influences an individual’s judgment, even when that judgment is inaccurate
Asch effect