Anatomical terminology
What is the anatomical levels of organization in order?
Chemical (or molecular) level
Cellular level
Organ level
System level
Organism :)
What does the plasma membrane separate?
The cytoplasm from the extracellular/interstitial fluid
What are the 4 major types of tissue?
Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscular Tissue
Nervous Tissue
What are the three layers of skin from superficial to deep?
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
What is the synthetic function of bones?
Red blood cell synthesis (via Red Bone Marrow)
Describe the difference between sagittal, midsagittal and parasagittal?
Sagittal = divides body into left and right sections
Midsagittal = Divides body into equal left and right sections
parasagittal = divides body into unequal left and right sections
What is the difference between non-membranous and membranous organelles?
Non-membranous = direct contact with systole
Membranous = Isolated from systole
How do we classify epithelial tissue?
Based on shape
- Squamous (Thin and Flat)
- Cuboidal (Square shape)
- Columnar (Tall, slender rectangles)
Based on Layers
- Simple (Single layer of cells)
- Stratified (multiple layers of cells)
What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?
Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum
Remember: Come Let's Get SunBurnt
What is an example of a sesamoid bone?
Patella or Sesamoid of great toe
What are the 3 planes of the body + describe what each 3 mean?
Frontal (coronal) = divides body into anterior and posterior sections
Transverse (horizontal) Plane = Divides body into superior and inferior sections
Oblique Plane = less standardized plane; used to examine structures at an angle
What are the three steps of protein synthesis in order + briefly explain each three?
Transcription = DNA to mRNA (in the nucleus)
Translation = Ribosome reads code from mRNA (in cytoplasm) + turns code into polypeptide chain
Processing = RER and Golgi Apparatus produce the protein
What are the three types of connective tissue fibers?
Collagen fibers = strong and flexible
Reticular Fibers = strong and flexible
Elastic Fibers = Return to original length after stretching
What are the two layers of the dermis?
Papillary layer
Reticular Layer
What will you find in the diaphysis of a bone?
A marrow cavity (Stores either red or yellow bone marrow)
What is the name of the specific cavity in which you will find the heart?
Pericardial Cavity
What are the three main types of membrane transport + what are the two subcategories?
EX: Pinocytosis is an example of what?
Three main types:
Diffusion = Facilitated, simple, osmosis etc.
Carrier Mediated = NA+/K+ pump
Vesicular = pinocytosis, endocytosis etc.
Subcategories:
Active = uses energy (ATP etc.)
Passive = No energy
When you get a paper-cut, why don't you bleed?
The epidermis lacks blood vessels which is usually where a paper-cut penetrates :)
What are the 4 types of exocrine glands?
Sebaceous Glands
Sudoriferous Glands (Eccrine and Apocrine)
Ceruminous Glands
Mammary Glands
What is the difference between osteoclasts and osteoblasts?
Osteoclasts = break down bone by secreting HCL
Osteoblasts = Build bone
Answer the following two questions:
1) In the standard anatomical position, the sternum is __________ to the heart.
2) The kidneys are __________ to the abdominal cavity.
1 = Anterior
2 = Posterior (The Kidneys are located behind the smooth peritoneal lining of the upper part of the abdominal cavity in the retroperitoneal space)
Explain all 4 phases of ATP production in brief detail
Glycolysis = Occurs in cytoplasm & anaerobic; glucose to 2 pyruvate
Transition Reaction = Occurs. in Mitochondria; CO2 is removed from 2 pyruvate + 2 Acetyl CoA formed
Krebs cycle (Citric Acid cycle) = Occurs in Mitochondria + Aerobic; @ ATP, 2 FADH2 and 6 NADH formed
Electron Transport Chain = Occurs in Mitochondria + Aerobic; Release energy + 32 ATP
What type of epithelial tissue would you find in the blood vessels?
Simple Squamous Epithelia (A single layer of thin and flat cells in perfect for facilitating gas exchange :D )
What helps to increase surface area in the dermis?
Epidermal ridges
What part of the osteon is where you find blood vessels and nerves?
Central canal