Classical School
Two approaches for studying rational choice theory
Macro and perceptual
This theory describes criminals as having physical traits that are less evolved or neanderthal like
Atavism
Person who accepts the goals but reject the means
Innovator
Attachment, belief, involvement, and commitment
Social Bonds
Theory that defines denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, condemnation of the condemners, and appeal to higher loyalties
Techniques of neutralization
Normal adolescent deviance
Primary deviance
According to Blumer, prejudice is a.....
defensive reaction of the dominant group to perceived threats
3 elements of deterrence
Certainty, severity, and celerity (swiftness)
This person put forward the idea of somatypes
William Sheldon
Two types of satisfaction for following the rules
Extrinsic and intrinsic
Residential turnover, physical decay, racial heterogeneity, poverty describes
Zone of Transition
The earlier you learn something the more it will resonate with you?
Priority
Priority
A master status is
A status or identity that completely defines you as a person
The "new" threat
Hispanics/Latinos
Crime occurs when there is a motivated offender, lack of capable guardian, and suitable target
Routine activities theory
Type of IQ related to crime
Verbal
"Normlessness" is what
Durkheim's definition of Anomie
External control vs internal control
Social bonds: external
Self control: internal
Two main elements of Sutherland's theory
Learned content
Process by which learning takes place
Two paths to criminality
Internalization of criminal label
Limits to conventional opportunities
Prison conditions have to be worse than societal conditions
Less eligibility
Balance of pleasure of pain
utility
This gene increased the likelihood of being in a gang and using weapons in a fight for men
MAOA
3 conditions that lead to strain according to Agnew
Failure to obtain positively valued stimuli, loss or potential loss of positively valued stimuli, introduction of a noxious stimuli
6 dimensions of self control
Impulsivity, simple tasks, self-centered, risk seeking, phsycial, and hot tempered
What is the code of the street and how does it develop?
It is a framework for negotiating respect. Respect is an alternative source of status that is sought as an adaptation to neighborhood disadvantage
Chiricos found that the effect of being labeled a felon was greatest for those who made it to 30 without a felony conviction
Contigent labeling effects
According to Tolnay and Beck, the correlation between lynchings and cotton prices in the South after the Civil War was the result of _____
Status threat
The declining value of a unit of consumption based on the units of consumption one already has
Marginal utility
Average gap between offenders and non offenders in IQ
8-9 points
Key internal contradiction of Merton's strain theory
Universal goals but types of means one endorses is subcultural
Parenting methods best for instilling self control in children
Gottredson and Hirschi: Monitor, notice and discipline
Authoritative parenting: acceptance-involvement, psychological autonomy, fair discipline, nonphysical discipline
Learning through rewards and punishments
Differential reinforcement
This person described the self fulfilling prophecy
Tannebaum
child become the thing they are described as being
Social dynamite describes
young, working class men
Two elements of instrumental reason
Transitivity and independence
Having these versions of genes had adverse effects in bad environments and positive effects in good environments
Short 5HHT
Long DRD4
Differential susceptibilities
Under what conditions do people utilize criminal coping strategies according to Agnew
previously used criminal coping, low intelligence/self control, have delinquent peers, personal coping resources are exhausted, conventional social support is lacking
What influences collective efficacy?
Residential mobility, home ownership levels, concentrated poverty, immigration concentration
This gets you into crime:_____, and this gets you of crime: ______
Modeling
Differential reinforcement
How did Chiricos study labeling effects
Florida felony convictions. Judges had discretion to either withhold adjudication or apply adjudication. Compared those who were adjudicated vs those who were not adjudicated through matching.
4 types of discrimination according to Blalock
Political, Symbolic segregation, Symbolic/ritualistic violence, and development of threat oriented ideologies