Conceptual Knowledge
Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves
Select one:
a. more prototypes than Bob's.
b. more prototypes and more exemplars than Bob's.
c. more exemplars than Bob's.
d. the same prototypes and exemplars as Bob's.
c. more exemplars than Bob's.
Trinh is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., fish sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Trinh is using ___________ to organize her memories.
Select one:
a. the method of loci
b. mental synthesis
c. paired-associate learning
d. the pegword technique
a. the method of loci
B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through
Select one:
a. reinforcement.
b. parsing.
c. syntactic framing.
d. genetic coding.
a. reinforcement.
Dr. Chan is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Chan is studying the effect of _________________ on problem solving.
The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache?
Select one:
a. divergent thinking
b. anaphoric interference
c. perceptual segregation
d. analogies
d. analogies
Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using
Select one:
a. an atmosphere effect.
b. the law of large numbers.
c. the falsification principle.
d. an illusory correlation.
d. an illusory correlation.
In the context of cognitive psychology and conceptual models, a tool would be classified as a(n) ________.
Select one:
a. artifact
b. node
c. example
d. spoke
a. artifact
Imagery neurons respond to
Select one:
a. all visual images.
b. an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.
c. concrete mental images but not abstract mental images.
d. only visual images in a specific category.
b. an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.
A researcher had participants read each of the sentences below and measured the time it took to read each sentence.
Trial 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture.
Trial 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard.
The participants' response times were longer for ____________________ because of the ____________________ effect.
Select one:
a. trial 1; word superiority
b. trial 2; word frequency
c. trial 1; word frequency
d. trial 2; word superiority
c. trial 1; word frequency
Which of the following is the core concept underlying the Gestalt perspective on problems?
Select one:
a. Representation
b. Insight
c. Analogy
d. Search
a. Representation
Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people
Select one:
a. can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.
b. misjudge homicide as more prevalent in the U.S. than suicide.
c. are more likely to purchase meat advertised as 80 percent fat free than 20 percent fat.
d. do not always make decisions that maximize their monetary outcome.
a. can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.
The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is
Select one:
a. instance theory.
b. family resemblance.
c. graded membership.
d. prototypicality.
b. family resemblance.
"3x + 9 = 16" is a___________representation.
Select one:
a. descriptive
b. propositional
c. spatial
d. depictive
b. propositional
Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?
Select one:
a. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the room.
b. Before the police stopped, the Toyota disappeared into the night.
c. The cats won't bake.
d. The Eskimos were frightened by the walrus.
b. Before the police stopped, the Toyota disappeared into the night.
Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to
Select one:
a. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.
b. show that some problems are easier to solve than others.
c. measure the time-course of solving well-defined versus ill-defined problems.
d. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem.
a. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.
Consider the following argument:
Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow.
Select one:
a. The argument is weak because there is only one specific case.
b. The argument is weak because the observation does not consider other cities.
c. The argument is strong because the premise includes scientific evidence.
d. The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.
d. The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.
A person who has been diagnosed with ________ dementia has difficulty recognizing both living things and artifacts.
Select one:
a. symbiotic
b. superordinate
c. parallel
d. semantic
d. semantic
Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with
Select one:
a. a blank piece of paper for free recall.
b. b___ - h___.
c. house.
d. boat _______ - car ________.
d. boat _______ - car ________.
Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language?
Select one:
a. Coding is required for language.
b. Language involves the use of a lexicon.
c. Language has a structure that is governed by rules.
d. Language symbols must have high discriminability.
c. Language has a structure that is governed by rules.
In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _________________ state.
Select one:
a. functional fixedness
b. intermediate
c. initial
d. goal
b. intermediate
Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she takes a route on her drive home that goes past the abandoned shacks, but she feels more negative when she takes a route that goes past the mansions with large lawns. Cecile's emotions are influenced by
Select one:
a. the principle of diversity.
b. the framing effect.
c. the law of large numbers.
d. confirmation bias.
b. the framing effect.
Which of the following lies at the foundation of a connectionist network?
Select one:
a. Learning
b. Prototyping
c. Crowding
d. Mirroring
a. Learning
Ganis and coworkers (2004) used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that
Select one:
a. perception and imagery activate the same areas near the back of the brain, but imagery activates more of the frontal lobe than does perception.
b. there is no difference between the activation caused by perception and by imagery.
c. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.
d. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but imagery activates more of the back of the brain than perception does.
c. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.
In written English, which punctuation mark has the most parsing power?
Select one:
a. Period
b. Hyphen
c. Comma
d. Exclamation point
c. Comma
Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem?
Select one:
a. The radiation problem
b. Tower of Hanoi problem
c. Mutilated checkerboard problem
d. Two-string problem
d. Two-string problem
Which of the following activities would require Type 2 cognitive processing?
Select one:
a. Turning the lights off at bedtime
b. Choosing an entree from a menu
c. Making a left turn on a green light
d. Zipping your jacket when it's cold
b. Choosing an entree from a menu