Types of Statements
Which description best describes the following statement:
"You are not required to do extra credit assignments."
What is negation?
What would be E1 in the causal argument based on the following passage?
A 2018 study from the National Bureau of Economic Research concluded that expanding access to substance-abuse treatment helps to reduce both violent and financially motivated crimes at the local level. A strong correlation was found between new treatment facilities opening and crime statistics lowering. (https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2018/01/03/new-evidence-that-access-to-health-care-reduces-crime/)
Assume that the first premise of the causal argument in the passage above is:
(1) Expanding access to substance-abuse treatment is correlated with lower crime rates.
What is expanding access to substance-abuse treatment?
What is the target group in the following argument?
Passage D: Between 2015 and 2019, the government of Iceland in which 2,500 workers (about 1% of the total Icelandic workforce) switched to a four day work week for the same pay. A range of workplaces took part, including preschools, offices, social service providers, and hospitals. Productivity remained the same or improved in all participating workplaces, researchers said. Policy makers now argue adopting shorter work days country-wide would have similar results.
Passage modified from: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-57724779
Standardization of the Statistical Argument:
(1) 100% of Iceland’s trial participants saw either no change or an increase in productivity after switching to a four day work week.
Therefore,
(2) 100% of Iceland’s workforce would see either no change or an increase in productivity if they switched to a four day work week.
What is all Icelandic workers?
Read the follow passage and identify the analogue.
Passage C: According to the CDC, robust testing has shown that the COVID-19 vaccine is safe to administer to children. When a new vaccine is developed, it is typically tested on and administered to many adults before young children. Children’s and adult’s immune systems work in basically the same way, only the adult immune system is typically stronger and thus better able to handle potential vaccine side effects. However, extensive testing has shown that the side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine on adults have been manageable. So manageable, in fact, that researchers have concluded that side effects will be manageable for children as well. Although children may have slightly weaker immune systems than adults, the basic function of the immune system in both is sufficient to protect against COVID vaccine side effects.
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/recommendations/adolescents.html
What are adults?
What type of propositional argument is the following? Does it pass the proper form test?
(1) If S1 then S2(2) Not S2
Therefore
(3) Not S1
What is denying the consequent? What is it does pass the proper form test?
Which description best describes the following statement:
"I always pay my bills on time."
What is simple statement?
What would be E2 in the causal argument based on the following passage?
A 2018 study from the National Bureau of Economic Research concluded that expanding access to substance-abuse treatment helps to reduce both violent and financially motivated crimes at the local level. A strong correlation was found between new treatment facilities opening and crime statistics lowering. (https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2018/01/03/new-evidence-that-access-to-health-care-reduces-crime/)
Assume that the first premise of the causal argument in the passage above is:
(1) Expanding access to substance-abuse treatment is correlated with lower crime rates.
What is lower crime rates?
What is the P in the following argument?
Passage D: Between 2015 and 2019, the government of Iceland in which 2,500 workers (about 1% of the total Icelandic workforce) switched to a four day work week for the same pay. A range of workplaces took part, including preschools, offices, social service providers, and hospitals. Productivity remained the same or improved in all participating workplaces, researchers said. Policy makers now argue adopting shorter work days country-wide would have similar results.
Passage modified from: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-57724779
Standardization of the Statistical Argument:
(1) 100% of Iceland’s trial participants saw either no change or an increase in productivity after switching to a four day work week.
Therefore,
(2) 100% of Iceland’s workforce would see either no change or an increase in productivity if they switched to a four day work week.
What is 100%
Read the follow passage and identify the primary subject.
Passage C: According to the CDC, robust testing has shown that the COVID-19 vaccine is safe to administer to children. When a new vaccine is developed, it is typically tested on and administered to many adults before young children. Children’s and adult’s immune systems work in basically the same way, only the adult immune system is typically stronger and thus better able to handle potential vaccine side effects. However, extensive testing has shown that the side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine on adults have been manageable. So manageable, in fact, that researchers have concluded that side effects will be manageable for children as well. Although children may have slightly weaker immune systems than adults, the basic function of the immune system in both is sufficient to protect against COVID vaccine side effects.
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/recommendations/adolescents.html
What are children?
What propositional argument form would best represent the standardization of Passage B?
Background for Passage B: Intellectual property rights to things like movies are different from regular property rights to things like land. For instance, most intellectual property rights come with term limits. After a certain amount of time, intellectual works enter the “public domain,” meaning anyone can use them. Sherlock Holmes is an example of a character currently in the public domain. That’s why so many different companies can use the character without getting sued by one another for copyright infringement. Regular property rights don’t expire though. A piece of land can be passed on to other private owners forever, and there is no “public domain” for regular property.
Suppose someone made the following argument:
Passage B: “Regular and intellectual property should be treated similarly. If intellectual property rights expire automatically, then so should regular property rights. And in fact, most intellectual property rights in the U.S. do expire automatically. Therefore, regular property rights should come with expiration dates.”
What is affirming the antecedent?
Which description best describes the following statement:
“To purchase this computer you can either pay the full 400 dollars now or break that up into eight monthly payments of 50 dollars.”
What is disjunction.
If someone argued that E1 caused E2 in this passage solely because instances of E1 occurred before instances of E2, which fallacy would be committed?
A 2018 study from the National Bureau of Economic Research concluded that expanding access to substance-abuse treatment helps to reduce both violent and financially motivated crimes at the local level. A strong correlation was found between new treatment facilities opening and crime statistics lowering. (https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2018/01/03/new-evidence-that-access-to-health-care-reduces-crime/)
Assume that the first premise of the causal argument in the passage above is:
(1) Expanding access to substance-abuse treatment is correlated with lower crime rates.
What is a post-hoc fallacy?
What is the sample in the following argument?
Passage D: Between 2015 and 2019, the government of Iceland in which 2,500 workers (about 1% of the total Icelandic workforce) switched to a four day work week for the same pay. A range of workplaces took part, including preschools, offices, social service providers, and hospitals. Productivity remained the same or improved in all participating workplaces, researchers said. Policy makers now argue adopting shorter work days country-wide would have similar results. (Passage modified from: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-57724779)
Standardization of the Statistical Argument:
(1) 100% of Iceland’s trial participants saw either no change or an increase in productivity after switching to a four day work week.
Therefore,
(2) 100% of Iceland’s workforce would see either no change or an increase in productivity if they switched to a four day work week.
What are the workers who participated in the trial?
Read the follow passage and identify the conclusory feature.
Passage C: According to the CDC, robust testing has shown that the COVID-19 vaccine is safe to administer to children. When a new vaccine is developed, it is typically tested on and administered to many adults before young children. Children’s and adult’s immune systems work in basically the same way, only the adult immune system is typically stronger and thus better able to handle potential vaccine side effects. However, extensive testing has shown that the side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine on adults have been manageable. So manageable, in fact, that researchers have concluded that side effects will be manageable for children as well. Although children may have slightly weaker immune systems than adults, the basic function of the immune system in both is sufficient to protect against COVID vaccine side effects.
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/recommendations/adolescents.html
What is the safety of getting the COVID-19 vaccine.
Does the standardization of Passage B pass the proper form test? Is the argument valid?
Background for Passage B: Intellectual property rights to things like movies are different from regular property rights to things like land. For instance, most intellectual property rights come with term limits. After a certain amount of time, intellectual works enter the “public domain,” meaning anyone can use them. Sherlock Holmes is an example of a character currently in the public domain. That’s why so many different companies can use the character without getting sued by one another for copyright infringement. Regular property rights don’t expire though. A piece of land can be passed on to other private owners forever, and there is no “public domain” for regular property.
Suppose someone made the following argument:
Passage B: “Regular and intellectual property should be treated similarly. If intellectual property rights expire automatically, then so should regular property rights. And in fact, most intellectual property rights in the U.S. do expire automatically. Therefore, regular property rights should come with expiration dates.”
What is the argument passes the proper form test? What is the the argument is valid?
Which description best describes the following statement:
“Broadway stars are usually proficient in singing, dancing, and acting.”
What is conjunction?
What kind of cause is present in this passage?
"Not wearing sunscreen causes sunburn."
What is sufficient?
What is the sample representative of the target in the following argument?
Passage D: Between 2015 and 2019, the government of Iceland in which 2,500 workers (about 1% of the total Icelandic workforce) switched to a four day work week for the same pay. A range of workplaces took part, including preschools, offices, social service providers, and hospitals. Productivity remained the same or improved in all participating workplaces, researchers said. Policy makers now argue adopting shorter work days country-wide would have similar results.
Passage modified from: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-57724779
Standardization of the Statistical Argument:
(1) 100% of Iceland’s trial participants saw either no change or an increase in productivity after switching to a four day work week.
Therefore,
(2) 100% of Iceland’s workforce would see either no change or an increase in productivity if they switched to a four day work week.
What is the sample is not representative because it commits the hasty generalization fallacy.
Read the follow passage and identify a similarity between the analogue and the primary subject.
Passage C: According to the CDC, robust testing has shown that the COVID-19 vaccine is safe to administer to children. When a new vaccine is developed, it is typically tested on and administered to many adults before young children. Children’s and adult’s immune systems work in basically the same way, only the adult immune system is typically stronger and thus better able to handle potential vaccine side effects. However, extensive testing has shown that the side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine on adults have been manageable. So manageable, in fact, that researchers have concluded that side effects will be manageable for children as well. Although children may have slightly weaker immune systems than adults, the basic function of the immune system in both is sufficient to protect against COVID vaccine side effects.
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/recommendations/adolescents.html
What is the basic functioning of the immune system?
What propositional argument form would best represent the standardization of Passage A?
Background to Passage A: Recently, more and more traffic lights at intersections in America have been replaced with traffic circles. These traffic circles consist of two or more roads meeting at another, circle road which only goes in one direction. Cars then enter the circle, and exit at the intersecting road of their choice. No traffic lights are involved, in fact putting a traffic light in a traffic circle would mess up the whole point of these alternatives to traditional intersections.
Suppose someone poses the following argument:
Passage A: “The intersection of Main Street and Park Avenue currently has a traffic light, but is about to undergo construction. Obviously they’ll either keep the traffic light or replace it with a traffic circle. But there’s no way they’ll put in a traffic circle, because they’re confusing. So the traffic light will remain there, even after the construction.”
What is denying a disjunct?
Which description best describes the following statement:
“If you wish upon a star, it makes no difference who you are.”
What is conditional?
What kind of cause is E1 in the following passage?
A 2018 study from the National Bureau of Economic Research concluded that expanding access to substance-abuse treatment helps to reduce both violent and financially motivated crimes at the local level. A strong correlation was found between new treatment facilities opening and crime statistics lowering. (https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2018/01/03/new-evidence-that-access-to-health-care-reduces-crime/)
Assume that the first premise of the causal argument in the passage above is:
(1) Expanding access to substance-abuse treatment is correlated with lower crime rates.
What is a contributory cause?
What is the relevant or conclusory property in the following argument?
Passage D: Between 2015 and 2019, the government of Iceland in which 2,500 workers (about 1% of the total Icelandic workforce) switched to a four day work week for the same pay. A range of workplaces took part, including preschools, offices, social service providers, and hospitals. Productivity remained the same or improved in all participating workplaces, researchers said. Policy makers now argue adopting shorter work days country-wide would have similar results.
Passage modified from: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-57724779
Standardization of the Statistical Argument:
(1) 100% of Iceland’s trial participants saw either no change or an increase in productivity after switching to a four day work week.
Therefore,
(2) 100% of Iceland’s workforce would see either no change or an increase in productivity if they switched to a four day work week.
What is increased or unchanged productivity?
Read the follow passage and identify a relevant dissimilarity between the analogue and primary subject.
Passage C: According to the CDC, robust testing has shown that the COVID-19 vaccine is safe to administer to children. When a new vaccine is developed, it is typically tested on and administered to many adults before young children. Children’s and adult’s immune systems work in basically the same way, only the adult immune system is typically stronger and thus better able to handle potential vaccine side effects. However, extensive testing has shown that the side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine on adults have been manageable. So manageable, in fact, that researchers have concluded that side effects will be manageable for children as well. Although children may have slightly weaker immune systems than adults, the basic function of the immune system in both is sufficient to protect against COVID vaccine side effects.
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/recommendations/adolescents.html
What is, there is none?
Does the standardization of Passage A pass the proper form test? Is the argument valid?
Background to Passage A: Recently, more and more traffic lights at intersections in America have been replaced with traffic circles. These traffic circles consist of two or more roads meeting at another, circle road which only goes in one direction. Cars then enter the circle, and exit at the intersecting road of their choice. No traffic lights are involved, in fact putting a traffic light in a traffic circle would mess up the whole point of these alternatives to traditional intersections.
Suppose someone poses the following argument:
Passage A: “The intersection of Main Street and Park Avenue currently has a traffic light, but is about to undergo construction. Obviously they’ll either keep the traffic light or replace it with a traffic circle. But there’s no way they’ll put in a traffic circle, because they’re confusing. So the traffic light will remain there, even after the construction.”
What is the argument does pass the proper form test and it is valid?