Exam 1
What is the maximum amount of magnification a light microscope has?
1000x
What type of bulk transport is used by liver cells to take in LDL cholesterol?
RM Endocytosis
What type of reaction frees kinetic energy by breaking chemical bonds?
Catabolic
What are the two ways chromatin can be modified?
Histone acetylation
DNA methylation
What stage of the cell cycle takes up 90%?
Interphase
What are the membrane bound organelles? (5)
mitochondria, chloroplast, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum
Where do the transport vesicles bud from for exocytosis?
Golgi apparatus
What is the catabolic pathway used by plants/animals to break down molecules?
Cellular respiration
What are the two mechanisms of how mRNA can be degraded after RNA processing?
RNA stability
RNA interference
Which checkpoint is involved with cells falling into the G0 phase?
G1
How does cholesterol affect membrane fluidity at cold temperatures?
It increases fluidity
How does cholesterol affect membrane fluidity at cold temperatures?
It increases fluidity
Where are PSII, ETC, and PSI housed in the chloroplast?
Thylakoid
What kind of mutation occurs when an AA is changed to a stop codon?
Nonsense mutation
Which stage of mitosis is occurring when the sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers? And what are spindle fibers classified as?
Anaphase
microtubule
What happens to the ratio between surface area and volume as volume increases?
The ratio decreases
What kinds of bonds/interactions can be found in the tertiary structure of proteins?
Hydrophobic interactions
H bonds
Ionic Bonds
Disulfide bridges
Which complex in the ETC yields the energy from FADH oxidation?
Complex II
What must be present on the mRNA strand to initiate translation?
Start Codon
What kind of mutation can cause RAS to be in a hyperactive state?
Point
What organelles would be abundant in the pancreas?
Rough ER
Antibiotics function as _________ to specific enzymes in bacteria.
inhibitors
What substance can block Complex IV and prevent the reduction of oxygen?
Cyanide
What is the relationship between telomeres and aging?
Become shorter after every round of replication
Older individuals have shorter telomeres
What protein can cause cells to die by apoptosis?
P53