Toddlerhood
What do false belief tasks assess?
Whether children demonstrate understanding that another’s beliefs can differ from one’s own beliefs.
What is the difference between contextualized and decontextualized language?
Contextualized language is grounded in the immediate context, or the here and now. In contrast, when a child wants to discuss people, places, objects, and events that are not immediately present, decontextualized language becomes appropriate and necessary. Decontextualized language relies heavily on the language itself in the construction of meaning.
What is “ungluing from print”?
The idea that as children become more confident and fluent in their reading abilities, their reading becomes more automatic.
Which three populations have the highest risk of traumatic brain injury?
1. Young children
2. Adolescent males
3. Older adults
What are the three reasons that bilingual children might engage in code switching?
1. To fill in lexical or grammatical gaps
2. For pragmatic effect
3. To follow the social norms of their community
Pros: virtual school, additional ways to socialize, access to additional educational content that supports learning, discovery of new hobbies and interests
Cons: obesity, poor sleep patterns, behavior problems
What is the difference between print awareness and phonological awareness?
Print awareness is children’s understanding of the forms and functions of written language, whereas phonological awareness is children’s sensitivity to the sound units that make up speech.
What is an example of a distal deictic term, and a proximal deictic term?
Distal deictic terms: this, that
Proximal deictic terms: that, there
Many children with WHAT DISORDER have restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, and these can range in severity from mild to severe.
ASD
What is the difference between an accent and a dialect?
Dialects are regional or social varieties of language that differ from one another in terms of their pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar.
Accents are varieties of language that differ solely in pronunciation.
What is the difference between customary age of production, and age of mastery of speech sound development in toddlers?
The term customary age of production describes the age by which 50% of children can produce a given sound in multiple positions in words in an adultlike way.
The term age of mastery describes the age by which most children produce a sound in an adultlike manner.
What are the four hypotheses that characterize the order in which preschoolers learn the names of letters in the alphabet?
Own-name advantage: Children learn the letters of their names earlier than other letters. Letter-name pronunciation effect: Children learn alphabet letters with the name of the letter in its pronunciation earlier than letters for which this is not the case. Letter-order hypothesis: Children learn letters occurring earlier in the alphabet string before letters occurring later in the alphabet string. Consonant-order hypothesis: Children learn letters for which corresponding consonantal phonemes are learned early in development before letters for which corresponding consonantal phonemes are learned later.
What is the difference between a personal narrative and a fictional narrative?
Two important types of narratives are the personal narrative, in which an individual shares a factual event, and the fictional narrative, in which an individual shares an imaginary event.
When we are treating children with language disorders, who identifies, assesses, and manages disorders of the auditory, balance, and other neural systems?
Audiologists
Which American English Regional Dialect is often represented by a monophthong being used in place of a diphthong at the ends of words and prior to voiced consonants (“ride” becomes “raaad” and “rise” becomes “raaaz”)?
Southern dialect
At what age do grammatical morphemes begin to appear in children’s speech (at about the time when they have learned their first 50 words)?
Usually between 18-24 mos
Name three strategies that can be used to establish shared interests with a child when gathering a language sample with a toddler.
For children who are reticent to participate:
1. Try not to say much beyond the greeting for the first five minutes
2. Engage in parallel play, talking to the toys rather than to the child
3. Engage in interactive play but be sure the activity does not preclude talking
It's important that language samples are similar across multiple recording contexts for the same child. This means that the language samples must be _____.
Reliable!
What is an auditory processing disorder?
Hearing loss that results from damage to the centers of the brain that process auditory information.
Children using nonmainstream American English (NMAE) dialects may experience greater challenges in learning to read. True or false?
True
Children use WHAT TYPE OF DISCOURSE FUNCTION to requesting information from other people to learn about the world?
Heuristic
How can having multiple siblings affect the language of a preschool-aged child?
Preschoolers with more than three siblings tend to have smaller receptive vocabularies than children with fewer siblings. However, preschoolers with an older sibling who is attuned to the preschooler’s language abilities and adjusts his or her own language to match do not exhibit lower receptive vocabulary abilities.
In many cases, norm-referenced measures developed for English-speaking preschool children may not accurately reflect bilingual children’s competencies. True or false?
True
What is the difference between criterion-referenced tasks and norm-referenced tasks?
Criterion-referenced tasks: Examine a child’s performance level for a particular type of language task
Norm-referenced tests: Compare children’s level of language performance to that of a national sample of same-age peers
Majority ethnolinguistic community: A group that speaks a language the majority of people in an area value and assign high social status
Minority ethnolinguistic community: A group that speaks a language few people in the community speak or value