Misidentifications
For identification evidence to be dismissed on due process grounds, defendants have to prove two elements by
a preponderance of the evidence
The perception of an event, when information is first entered into memory is called
Acquisition
are substantially less reliable than lineups but used more frequently.
Show-ups
“______________” refers to police actions that violate any of five constitutional rights
Bad methods
The _________ Amendment ban on unreasonable searches and seizures
Fourth
___________is most powerful during the retention and the retrieval phases.
Suggestion
The process of storing information during the period of time between an event and the “eventual recollection of a particular piece of information" is called
Retention
_____________ is a major factor in opportunity to view.
Distance
_________ integrity—The courts shouldn’t participate in unconstitutional behavior by approving it.
Judicial
The _______ Amendment concerns the right-to-counsel clause.
Sixth
How many factors form the “totality of circumstances” courts use to determine witnesses’ reliability?
Four
The time when a person recalls the stored information about an event for the purpose of identifying a person in an event is called
Retrieval
Assess the eyewitness ______________ immediately after identification
confidence
__________—Prevent unconstitutional conduct by government officers.
Deterrence
The _________ Amendment ban on coerced incriminating statements
Fifth
____________ of defendants exonerated by DNA are cases of mistaken eyewitness identification.
75%
The brain doesn’t record every little detail.
True or False
True
Avoid multiple identification procedures in which the same witness views the same suspect more than_________.
once
The basic idea of the _____________doctrine is that the government shouldn’t be in a better position after it breaks the law…but, these exceptions deal with making sure it is not worse.
fruit-of-the-poisonous tree
The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment guarantees of ________ _______ of law in administering identification procedures
due process
Psychologists recommend that a lineup always include ________suspect, but not more than ________.
one
Perceptions trump __________.
reality
The three common situations in which courts are most likely to admit show-up evidence are
1.Accidental encounters between witnesses and suspects
2.Emergencies
3.Suspects on the loose
Tainted evidence is admissible if, after violating the Constitution, officers get the same evidence in a totally separate lawful action is known as
Independent Source
_____________ is appropriate where officers have no reasonable ground for believing that the warrant was properly issued
Suppression