Chapter 30
Define oviparous.
Species deposits fertilized egg; yolk nourishes embryo
T/F: large leeches are MORE likely to be parasitic than small leeches.
False
T/F: fur is made of keratin
True
Define acclimatization.
A short term and reversible phenotypic change that occurs in an individual in response to environmental fluctuations.
T/F: Osmosis refers to the movement of solutes down their concentration gradient.
False
Explain the two types of nervous systems.
Nerve net: diffuse neurons
CNS: clustered neurons
Share one interesting thing you know about lophotrochozoans.
No right answer; as long as it's about lophophores
Humans posess which of the following traits (there may be more than one right answer)
A. Parthenogenesis
B. Viviparity
C. Metamorphosis
D. Triploblasty
Viviparity and triploblasty
List two functions of muscle tissue.
Movement of the body, pumping of the heart, and mixing food in the GI tract
Which three tracts empty into the cloaca?
Urinary, gastrointestinal, reproductive
Explain why sponges are unique.
They lack true tissues and symmetry.
Also, they do not need to osmoregulate (chapter 40)
A chelicerata has 2 tagmata, what are they called?
Cephalothorax and the abdomen
Define amniotes and provide an example.
An major lineage of vertebrates who produce amnitotic eggs. These eggs have a protective covering that prevents drying out.
Examples include reptiles (including birds), and mammals. NOT amphibians.
Explain the role of fitness trade-offs and provide an example of how they might affect an organism.
Fitness trade-offs are the most important constraint on adaptation. They are inseparable comprismes between traits. For an example, it takes a lot of energy to produce offspring, but it also takes a lot of energy to mount an immune response to infection. If an animal does not have enough energy to support both needs, then a trade-off emerges and the animal may devote more energy to one process or the other.
Explain how an osmoregulator might respond to osmotic stress. How is different from an osmoconformer?
Osmoregulators control the concentrations of water and solutes in their bodies so they would respond to osmotic stress by regulating those concentrations. An osmoconformer does not experience osmotic stress.
Explain coelom and how we categorize animals based on it.
Coelom: body cavity lined with mesoderm
Coelomates: have coelom
Acoelemates: no coelom
Psuedocoelemates: have enclosed cavity partially lined with mesoderm
What are the three characteristics of arthropods?
1. Segmented body
2. Exoskeleton of chitin
3. Jointed appendages
List and explain the three traits that characterize the echnioderm body plan.
Symmetry - bilateral larvae, radial adults
Endoskeleton - made of calcium carbonate
Water vascular system - fluid filled tubes and chambers that function as hydrostatic skeleton
Define ectotherm and endotherm. Then, explain one drawback and one benefit of each.
Ectotherm: relies on heat from environment
Can thrive with lower food intake, but is especially vulnerable in the cold.
Endotherm: internal heat
Higher metabolic rate and can be active at all times, but producing heat is energetically costly.
Explain the differences between passive transport, primary active transport, and secondary active transport.
Passive - does not require E
Primary Active - requires E, used to move ions against their gradient
Secondary Active - uses primary active trasnport to allow other ions to pass through passively
What four traits do animals share?
Multicellular eukaryotes
Locomotion
Specialized tissues - nerves and muscles (except sponges)
Heterotrophs
Describe the difference between complete and incomplete metamorphosis. Explain a benefit or drawback of either.
Incomplete: juveniles look similar to adults (e.g. aphids)
Complete: adults look very different from juveniles (e.g. mosquitos)
In complete metamorphosis, juveniles and adults do not compete for food, in incomplete metamorphosis they do.
Tell me about your favorite group of deuterostomes.
No answer
What does an adaptation such as flattening do? Why is it important?
It increases surface area. Surface area is important becuase many aspects of metabolism depend on exchange across surfaces including oxygen consumption, food digestion, delivery of nutrients to tissues, and removal of wastes and excess heat.
Explain three ways that insects regulate their water and electrolyte balance.
Most of insect’s surface is covered with wax
They have a tracheal system with spiracles (openings where gas is exchanged) that can be opened or closed
After Malpighian tubules collect nitrogenous wastes, electrolytes, and water, the pre-urine flows through the hindgut where electrolytes and water are reabsorbed