Unit 6: Renaissance & Reformation
Name three features of Renaissance paintings and explain what they mean.
Linear perspective / realism: An artistic technique that makes the subjects and background look like they would in real life. 3D looking photos.
Classicism: The Renaissance was a rebirth of culture and knowledge from ancient Greece and Rome. Paintings exhibit classic elements like columns.
Individualism: Emphasis on the individual and common people rather than solely focusing on gods and religious figures.
What group of people were forced into slave labor in the Americas until they died off? What group of people were they replaced with?
Native Americans; Africans
What was the Enlightenment? What did people during the Enlightenment emphasize?
An intellectual movement that valued reason and logic in European society. A new questioning spirit and attitude emerged.
What were France's Three Estates? Which Estate was heavily influenced by the Enlightenment when plotting to rebel against the French monarchy?
First Estate: Clergy
Second Estate: Nobility
Third Estate: Commoners / Peasants / Merchants. The Third Estate would spark the French Revolution.
Define Imperialism.
Imperialism is a policy in which one country seeks to extend its authority by conquering other countries by establishing economic and political dominance over other countries.
Define secularism and humanism & explain the difference between the two terms.
Secularism: Focusing on worldly pleasures & pursuits rather than spiritual (relating to the church).
Humanism: An intellectual movement that focuses on human potential and achievements.
What was the Columbian Exchange?
The exchange of new foods, goods, and diseases across the Atlantic Ocean.
Absolute monarchs believed they had a divine right to rule. What does this mean? What did they seek to do with this power?
Monarchs believed that God gave them total authority over their kingdom. They sought to centralize power within their nations.
Name the 4 revolutionary stages in order and explain them.
1. Incubation Stage: ideas of a rebellion are brewing. an unpowerful group starts to gain support.
2. Moderate Stage: a less powerful group bands together to fight for change. first deliberate act of a rebellion occurs.
3. Radical Stage: law and order ceases to exist. anarchy. a state of warfare.
4. Recovery Stage: law and order returns when there is an effective end to war.
What is an economic motive of imperialism?
making money, controlling foreign trade, and access to raw materials and cheap labor, etc.
The English Monarch is head of this religion: ____________.
An essential feature of this religion is the idea of predestination: ____________.
Priests and various church officials interpret the Bible for the believers of this religion: ____________.
1. Anglicanism
2. Calvinism
3. Roman Catholicism
Define mercantilism.
The creation of a favorable balance of trade.
Who was Oliver Cromwell? What was his role in the English Civil War? What did he do following the war?
Politician and military leader. He led the people against the monarchy and helped overthrow King Charles I. He then established a commonwealth and then abolished it, becoming a military dictator.
Name 2 of the 4 forces of change that contribute to a Revolution.
Well-defined class distinctions in which only a small number hold political and economic power.
Enlightenment ideas about where governments power and authority come from.
A weak and indecisive leader.
The government experiences serious economic problems.
What is a social motive of imperialism?
spreading their branch of religion, spreading core morals and beliefs, etc.
Martin Luther was a German monk who challenged the Catholic church and encouraged individuals to interpret the bible for themselves instead of performing "good works" to ensure admittance into heaven (which he believed was a corrupt way church officials tricked people so that they would purchase indulgences). Name all of Martin Luther's 5 solas.
1. sola scriptura (Scripture alone),
2. solus Christus (Christ alone)
3. sola fide (faith alone)
4. sola gratia (grace alone)
5. soli Deo gloria (glory to God alone)
Define what the Old World means vs. the New World & give an example of something that came from each.
Old World: Europe. Animals such as horses, cattle, and sheep.
New World: America. Cash crops such as tobacco, sugar, chocolate, and potatoes.
Name 3 of the 5 philosophes we studied and explain what they believed in.
Montesquieu: Emphasized the importance of separation of powers.
Wollstonecraft: Fought for equal rights for women.
Voltaire: Emphasized the importance of tolerance, freedom of religion and speech.
Hobbes: Thought that humans were naturally selfish and wicked.
Locke: Said that the ‘community’ formed a social contract and wrote laws that protected their rights and property.
Who did the French reunite under following the French Revolution? When this didn't work, what event would represent the return conservatism as European powers agreed to reinstate the royal families of previous empires to rule?
Napoleon Bonaparte; Congress of Vienna
What is a political motive of imperialism?
expanding territory, exercising military forces, etc.
Name at least two results of the Protestant Reformation.
The Christian Church was divided leading to several different religious branches.
Literacy increased as more books became cheaper and the Bible was translated into the vernacular.
Many political entities increased their power and influence while the Church declined.
Explain the relationship between the Triangular Trade and the Middle Passage.
The Triangle Trade was a route that Europeans took to exchange manufactured goods for African slaves, then ship the slaves to America in exchange for raw goods; the Middle Passage was the brutal journey that slaves had to take across the Atlantic.
Why were the Petition of Right and the English Bill of Rights created? What event emphasized the beliefs written in these documents? What happened in this event?
To limit the power of the English monarchy. Glorious Revolution. A bloodless rebellion which resulted in a constitutional monarchy. William & Mary would be the first monarchs to partner with Parliament and set a precedent by establishing a constitutional monarchy.
Name all 4 revolutionary philosophies and explain what they mean.
Conservatism: favoring traditional political structures like royal and noble families being in power and class divisions.
Liberalism: wanting to extend change to certain groups of people, but not all.
Radicalism: wanting to drastically change the structure of society, championing equality and freedom for all classes.
Reactionary: wanting to revert to a previous time period, believing the social and political structure was better than the current.
Name two of the four forms of Imperialism.
Colony, Protectorate, Sphere of Influence, Economic