Chapters 14/8
What is the difference between judicial activism and judicial restraint?
Judicial Activism: Judges tend not to defer to decisions of the elected branches of government, resulting in the invalidation or weakening of those decisions
Judicial Restraint: Judges tend to defer to decisions of the elected branches of government
What is the free rider problem?
The situation in which people benefit from the activities of an organization (such as an interest group) but do not contribute to those activities
Define public opinion
The collective attitudes of citizens concerning a given issue or question
A preliminary election conducted within a political party to select candidates who will run for public office in a subsequent election
Primary
Freedoms guaranteed to individuals taking the form of restraint on government
"Negative rights"
Civil liberties
Define stare decisis
Literally, “let the decision stand”; decision making according to precedent
What is an interest group entrepreneur?
An interest group organizer or leader
List an unconventional method of participation
Conventional: voting, carrying signs in protest
Unconventional: riots, sit-ins
What are Black codes?
Legislation enacted by former slave states to restrict the freedom of Black people
Part of Section 1 of the _____ Amendment requires state governments to adhere to certain procedures and forbids unreasonable state government action that infringes on important substantive freedoms
Fourteenth
The change in voting patterns that occurs after a critical election.
TV Echo Chamber
An echo chamber is an environment where a person only encounters information or opinions that reflect and reinforce his or her own
What principle describes the implication that people choose what benefits them personally
Self-interest principle
What is the difference between de facto and de jure segregation?
Government imposed vs not government imposed
What do you call the statements that begin with, "you have the right to remain silent..."
Miranda rights/Miranda warnings
Which system of representation awards legislative seats to parties in proportion to the votes they win?
Proportional representation
The view that information online is essential for modern democratic life and should not be restricted by internet service providers
Net neutrality
Define referendum
A direct vote by the people on either a proposed law or an amendment to a state constitution
Which 3 amendments are Civil War Amendments?
13th, 14th, 15th
___ words are not protected free speech as demonstrated in Cohen v California
Fighting
A brief filed (with the permission of the court) by an individual or group that is not a party to a legal action but has an interest in it
Amicus curiae brief
What term describes election coverage by the mass media that focuses on which candidate is ahead rather than on national issues
Horse race journalism
Sociotropic responses
Opinions about how the country as a whole is doing affect political preferences more strongly than one’s own personal circumstance
Invidious vs benign discrimination
Invidious: Discrimination against persons or groups that works to their harm and is based on animosity (segregation)
Benign: Discrimination that causes no harm because it is grounded in reason (only people with licenses can drive a car)
What 3 things must be true to pass the strict scrutiny test?
The law or policy must be justified by a “compelling governmental interest,” must be narrowly tailored, and must be the least restrictive means for achieving that interest