Module 8/9
a cognitive disorder of face perception in which the ability to recognize familiar faces, including one's own face (self-recognition), is impaired and a part of the human visual system that is specialized for facial recognition.
What is Prosopagnosia and fusiform face area?
Chemical Senses
the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
What is cognition?
______ memory is thought to be stored in the Hippocampus while ____ memory is thought to be stored in the cortex
Describes a pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them.
What is a schema?
Response of photoreceptor cells to light (include glutamate)
What is always hyperpolarization that results in a decrease in glutamate release at synapses onto bipolar and horizontal cells?
Two factors that differentiate olfactory neurons from other sensory neurons
What is transmitting action potentials and routine regeneration?
a disorder that involves the loss of ability to understand or express speech
What is Aphasia?
L-LTP requires this, but E-LTP does not
What is new mRNA transcription and new protein translation
The core of human intelligence that, to a larger or smaller degree, influences success in all cognitive tasks and thereby creates the positive manifold
What is the general intelligence factor?
The response of on-center and off-center bipolar cells to light in the center and their effect on retinal ganglion cells
What is...
- On-center: depolarized when light is exposed to the center, synapsed retinal ganglion cells increase AP firing in response to light in the center.
- Off-center: hyperpolarized when light is exposed to the center, synapses ganglion cells decrease AP firing in response to light in the center
A reflex eye movement that stabilizes images on the retina during head movement by producing an eye movement in the direction opposite to head movement, thus preserving the image on the center of the visual field
What is the vestibular ocular reflex?
Differentiate Top-down and Bottom-up processing
What is
a) the data-driven process of interpreting sensory data
b) perception driven by cognition and influenced by factors such as past experiences, education, values, culture, preconceived notions, and present circumstances
Means by which memories are stored as biophysical or biochemical changes in the brain
What is an engram?
the minimal neuronal mechanisms jointly sufficient for one conscious perception
What are neural correlates of consciousness?
3 differences between Rods and Cones
What is any 3 of the following:
- Cones are located in fovea, Rods in the Periphery
- Cones express 3 pigments while Rods express 1
- Cones are for high acuity vision at medium to bright light levels (photopic vision) while Rods are for vision at low light levels (scotopic vision)
- Cones have lower sensitivity to light but faster temporal responses and Rods have higher sensitivity to light but slower temporal responses
- Cones don't saturate in bright light while Rods do
- Rods are more numerous than cones
Components of the vestibular labyrinth and what kind of movements they detect
What are..
1. Semicircular Canals - rotational movement
2. Otoliths - linear accelerations and tilts of the head
Name the three classical language areas and their function(s)
What is
a) Broca's Area: Production of Speech
b) Wernicke's Area: Written and Spoken Language Comprehension
c) Angular Gyrus: processing concrete and abstract concepts, verbal working memory during retrieval of verbal information, and in visual memory when turning written language into spoken language
The three hippocampal pathways and the structures they connect
What are:
1. Perforant Pathway: Entorhinal Cortex -> Dentate Gyrus
2. Mossy Fiber Pathway: Dentate Gyrus -> CA3
3. Schaffer Collaterals: CA3 -> CA1
Factors that effect the changes in intelligence over time
What are genetics, pharmacological factors, psychological factors, behavior, or environmental conditions?
The targets of the optic nerve and their functions
What is:
LGN of the thalamus: relays the information for visual perception, including image construction, color and movement
the pretectum: pupil constriction/dilation
superior colliculus: specific eye movements
the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus: where our circadian rhythms involving the day-night cycle are generated.
Tastants for gustatory senses (5)
What is...
1. Saltiness: Chloride (Salt)
2. Sour: Intake of Hydrogen ions, inhibition of hyperpolarizing K+ channels.
3. Bitterness: TAS2Rs (taste receptors, type 2, also known as T2Rs) such as TAS2R38 coupled to the G protein gustducin
4. Sweetness: aldehydes and ketones
5. Umami: monosodium glutamate (MSG)
Name the 6 functional regions of the prefrontal cortex and their function(s) - can name one or all
What is...
1. Dorsolateral PFC: working memory, cognitive flexibility, planning, inhibition, and abstract reasoning
2. Ventrolateral PFC: updating of action plans, decision uncertainty, reflexive reorienting, a role in motor inhibition
3. Dorsomedial PFC: processing a sense of self, integrating social impressions, theory of mind, morality judgments, empathy, decision making, altruism, fear and anxiety information processing, and top-down motor cortex inhibition
4. Ventromedial PFC: inhibition of emotional responses, and in the process of decision-making and self-control
5. Orbitofrontal cortex: emotion, taste, smell and reward in decision making, inhibition of emotional responses, and self-control
6. Anterior Cingulate Cortex: attention allocation, reward anticipation, decision making, ethics and morality, impulse control (e.g. performance monitoring and error detection), and emotion
Hebb's Postulate
What is
“neurons that fire together wire together”
- When a presynaptic neuron is activate, the postsynaptic neuron must also be activated to strengthen the synapse between them (input specific)
Generalized intelligence is divided into two kinds of intelligence. Name and differentiate them.
What is...
Crystallized: includes the breadth and depth of a person's acquired knowledge, the ability to communicate one's knowledge, and the ability to reason using previously learned experiences or procedures
Fluid: includes the broad ability to reason, form concepts, and solve problems using unfamiliar information or novel procedures