Morphology & Syntax
a unit of meaning that cannot stand alone (examples: plural -s, past tense -ed)
What is a bound morpheme?
The assumption that other people will be speaking what they believe to be true.
What is Grice's Maxim of Quality?
When a child is exposed to and begins to develop multiple languages before the age of 3.
What is simultaneous acquisition?
Pretending to read a book, learning to track print from left to right, and recognizing familiar words like names and road signs are all examples of this.
What are pre-literacy behaviors?
A study that proposed three stages of dialect development:
1) Birth-5: children are most influenced by parent's dialect
2) Ages 5-12: children learn the dialect of their peers
3) By 14-15: children could learn a different dialect if their peers' is not prestigious
What is Labov (1970)?
Sentences made up of mostly nouns, verbs, and adjective. They are typically missing prepositions, bound morphemes, pronouns, and determiners.
What is telegraphic speech?
Varieties of language that differ according to their use in social situations.
What are registers?
A method of Deaf education in which children develop ASL as their first language and English as their second language.
What is bilingual-bicultural?
The idea that children who are good at reading will enjoy reading and therefore will read more, while children who struggle with reading will avoid reading and fall further behind.
What is the Matthew effect?
A study that compared Korean and Chinese immigrant's age of arrival in the US with their level of English fluency later in life. The study found that children up to ages 6-7 developed native-like English skills, with a linear decline in English skills up through puberty. Anyone arriving after puberty had no association between age and English skills.
What is Johnson and Newport (1989)?
Two-word phrase that have a limited set of meanings, including agent+action, attribute+entity, and action+location.
What are Brown's semantic relations?
Stretches of language longer than a sentence.
What is discourse?
A genetic disorder that is characterized by low cognitive skills alongside a rich vocabulary, complex grammar skills, and strong social skills.
What is Williams Syndrome?
These skills are an early predictor of reading ability and include knowledge of rhymes, syllables, and ability to manipulate the sounds in words.
What is phonological awareness?
This study provided a biological basis for language development.
What is Lenneberg (1967)?
The act of adding regular past tense or plural endings to irregular past tense verbs and irregular plural nouns.
What is overregularization?
The element of a speech act which is the effect your words have on the listener.
What is the perlocutionary force?
A limited timeframe during development in which a specific skill should be gained. If the skill is not acquired during this time, it may never be fully developed.
What is a critical period?
An _______ is a difference in pronunciation, while a _______ includes differences across pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, etc.
Accent, dialect
This study suggested that bilinguals go through three stages:
1) one system for both languages
2) separate out the lexicon
3) separate out the syntax
What is Volterra and Taeschner (1978)?
A classic way of measuring a child's grammatical development based on their phrase length and use of grammatical morphemes.
What is Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)?
The relationship between language and society.
What is sociolinguistics?
The impact of one's first language on the features of their second language.
What is language transfer?
A ________ is a simplified "language" formed when two cultures/languages come together and develop a way to communicate with each other.
A ________ is formed when a generation grows up with that as their first language; it naturally evolves into a full language with complex grammar.
Pidgin, creole
A study that overturned the idea that bilingualism was associated with low intelligence and cognitive deficits.
What is Peal and Lambert (1962)?