Hypoxemia vs. Hypercapnia
A condition characterized by a low level of oxygen in the blood, typically defined as a PaO₂ of less than 60 mmHg.
What is hypoxemia?
A severe inflammatory response in the lungs leading to increased permeability of alveolar-capillary membranes, resulting in pulmonary edema without heart failure.
What is ARDS?
A client is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Which signs and symptoms would suggest that his aneurysm has ruptured?
What is sudden, severe low back pain, and bruising along his flank?
Which of the following characterizes acute kidney injury?
The primary cause of death is infection.
There is an abrupt decline in kidney function with a rise in serum creatinine.
The disease course is potentially reversible.
Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death.
What is #1, 2 & 3?
A potassium-sparing diuretic.
What is spironolactone?
This hormone is released by the thyroid and regulates calcium and phosphorus blood levels. It can also help to decrease serum Ca levels.
What is calcitonin?
This condition is characterized by drowsiness, sensitivity to cold and a high TSH level.
What is hypothyroidism?
Hypoventilation, V/Q mismatch, diffusion impairment, and shunting can all lead to this oxygen-related condition.
What is hypoxemia?
This life-threatening lung condition can be caused by sepsis, pneumonia, aspiration, trauma, or pancreatitis.
What are common causes of ARDS?
One requires a higher dose of electrical current and the other is a lower current, delivered at a specific time in the heart's rhythm.
What is defibrillation and cardioversion?
In the oliguric phase of acute kidney injury (AKI), which symptom does the nurse monitor the client for? (select one)
a) Hypotension
b) Pulmonary edema
c) Hypernatremia
d) Hypokalemia
What is pulmonary edema?
This is a long-acting muscarinic antagonist medication that provides promising therapeutic benefits for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
What is tiotropium?
This hormone is released by posterior pituitary promotes reabsorption of water vasoconstriction
What is antidiuretic hormone?
This condition is characterized by high serum calcium, muscle weakness and fatigue, and nausea/vomiting.
What is hyperparathyroidism?
This condition, caused by an excess of CO₂ in the blood, can lead to confusion, headache, lethargy, and respiratory acidosis.
What is hypercapnia?
Patients with this condition often present with refractory hypoxemia, tachypnea, dyspnea, and diffuse bilateral lung infiltrates on a chest X-ray.
What are the key clinical signs of ARDS?
You are looking after a patient who is diagnosed with sinus bradycardia. Currently he is on the monitor and with a heart rate of 47 and complains of feeling dizzy, his blood pressure is also beginning to trend lower. You look at your orders and identify which medication should be given.
What is atropine?
The nurse monitors the client in the diuretic phase of AKI for which serum electrolyte imbalances? (select one)
a) Hyperkalemia and hyponatremia
b) Hyperkalemia and hypernatremia
c) Hypokalemia and hyponatremia
d) Hypokalemia and hypernatremia
What are hypokalemia and hyponatremia?
This is a beta-blocker. It works by relaxing blood vessels and slowing the heart rate to improve blood flow and decrease blood pressure
What is carvedilol?
This hormone is released by the adrenal medulla, has sympathetic effects released in response to stress. Will prolong SNS effects.
What is epinephrine?
Parathyroidectomy and calcimimetics are treatments for this condition.
A blood gas result showing PaO₂ of 55 mmHg and PaCO₂ of 60 mmHg suggests this type of respiratory failure.
What is both hypoxemia and hypercapnia?
This classification system uses PaO₂/FiO₂ ratios to determine the severity of ARDS as mild, moderate, or severe.
What is the Berlin Criteria for ARDS?
35. You look up at your patient's monitor and see that they are in a ventricular fibrillatory rhythm. This is the first thing you do.
What is start CPR?
You are looking after a patient who is diagnosed with Stage 4/5 chronic kidney disease. They ask you to go over their treatment plan. As the nurse you know that a patient in this stage of CKD should be provided with information about what treatment options.
What is renal replacement therapy?
This medication is used in the management and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is in the sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT-2) class of medication for diabetes.
What is empagliflozin?
An enzyme and hormone that helps control blood pressure. Produced by the kidneys. Released from kidneys when blood pressure drops, sodium levels decrease, or potassium levels increase.
What is renin?
This would be given to your patient with hypoparathyroidism who is suffering from tetany (tingling sensation in the lips, fingers, and feet and involuntary muscle contractions).
What is IV Calcium gluconate?
Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV), such as CPAP or BiPAP, is commonly used to treat this CO₂-related respiratory issue.
What is hypercapnia?
This type of mechanical ventilation strategy uses low tidal volumes (4-6 mL/kg) and high PEEP to prevent further lung injury.
What is lung-protective ventilation?
You understand that a patient diagnosed with atrial fibrillation should be on these two medications.
What is a medication to slow cardiac conduction and an anticoagulant?
The RIFLE criteria define three stages of AKI based on changes in which of the following? (select one)
a) Blood pressure (BP) and urine osmolality
b) Urine output and urinary creatinine
c) Fractional excretion of urinary sodium and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
d) Baseline serum creatinine and urine output
What is baseline serum creatinine and urine output?
This is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and an indirect anticoagulant.
What is enoxaparin?
This hormone stimulates adrenal glands to release aldosterone, which also causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels to increase BP
Moon face, hypokalemia, and edema are clinical manifestations of this condition.
What is Cushing's syndrome?
Patients with this chronic lung disease are prone to hypercapnia due to chronic CO₂ retention and may rely on hypoxic drive to regulate breathing.
What is COPD?
This complication of ARDS can occur due to prolonged high ventilator pressures and is characterized by air escaping into the pleural space.
What is pneumothorax?
The four main properties of the heart.
What are CONTRACTILITY, CONDUCTIVITY, EXCITABILITY, and AUTOMATICITY?
These are the 3 labs that will specifically tell you how the kidneys are doing.
This is a lipid-lowering drug included in the statin class of medications. It works by inhibiting the endogenous production of cholesterol in the liver.
What is atorvastatin?
A hormone released from the heart when it is working hard. Counter-regulatory mechanism to SNS
What is BNP?
These are the expected outcomes of managing this disease: serum sodium levels are within the normal range, decreased urine output, and absence of nausea, headaches, or confusion experienced by the client
What is syndrome of inappropriate diuretic hormone (SIADH)?