Chemistry
Electrons in the outermost shell
What are valence electrons?
Molecules move from high to low concentration
What is diffusion?
Barrier (energy hump) that must be overcome before products are formed in a spontaneous reaction
What is activation energy?
DNA sugar-phosphate backbones run in opposite directions
What is antiparallel?
Growth, development, and tissue repair
What is the role of cell division through mitosis?
Atoms with same atomic number but different number of neutrons
What are isotopes?
Needs energy to move molecules from low to high concentration
What is active transport?
Energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions
What is the role of ATP?
Nucleic acid genome, a protein capsid, and some also have a membrane envelope
What are the parts of a virus?
Chromosomes inherited from each parent and carry the same type of information
What are homologous chromosomes?
Carboxyl and amino groups
Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?
Water moves across a membrane from hypotonic to hypertonic areas
What is osmosis?
A series of redox reactions that transfer electrons from one complex to another
What is the electron transport chain?
Enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand in the 5' → 3' direction
What is DNA polymerase?
Ensure that damaged or incomplete DNA is not passed on to daughter cells
What is the role of cell cycle checkpoints?
Amino acid sequence
What determines a protein’s 3D structure?
DNA, Ribosomes, Plasma Membrane, and Cytoplasm
What is found in all living cells?
Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH
What are the products of the light-dependent reactions?
DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into protein
What is the typical flow of genetic information?
Two alleles for a trait separate (segregate) during gamete formation
What is the law of segregation?
Store, transmit, and help express hereditary information
What is the function of nucleic acids?
Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplast
What is present in plant but not animal cells?
Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
What stages of respiration produce CO2?
Multiple codons can specify the addition of the same amino acid
What is redundancy?
A condition in which cells will not receive the correct number of chromosomes
What is aneuploidy?