Cellular respiration & metabolism
What is glycolysis? Where does it occur?
This step of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
What is a substrate?
In an enzyme catalyzed reaction, this is the reactant.
What are isotopes?
Atoms with the same number of protons but different neutrons
What is a zygote?
The cell formed from fusion of an egg and sperm.
Function of hydrogen bonds?
Complementary bases in DNA are held together by these bonds.
Why is ATP important?
ATP is important because its phosphate bonds release energy when it is hydrolyzed.
What are cofactors?
They are inorganic non-protein compounds assisting enzymes in catalysis.
What is a covalent bond?
A bond formed when atoms share electron pairs
What are sister chromatids?
These identical structures are held together by cohesin.
Function of DNA helicase
This enzyme unwinds DNA during replication.
What is pyruvate?
What is activation energy?
The energy barrier that enzymes tend to lower and thus speed up the reactions.
What is hydrolysis in protein formation?
This reaction uses water to split peptide bonds, breaking large proteins into their building blocks
What happens during prophase I?
Crossing over occurs during this stage of meiosis.
What is splicing?
The processing step where introns are removed and exons are joined.
The net number of ATP gain during glycolysis per glucose molecule?
2
What is denaturation?
The process where an enzyme loses its specific 3d structure due to factors like extreme temp, or pH.
What are phospholipids?
These macromolecules spontaneously assemble into bilayers because their hydrophobic tails avoid water while their hydrophilic heads interact with it — a property that makes them the foundation of all biological membranes.
What is an allele?
A gene form, one of several alternatives.
What is the function of tRNA?
This RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome.
NAD+ function
This oxidizing agent temporarily stores high energy electrons from glucose in the cytoplasm.
What is a competitive inhibitor?
This type of enzyme inhibitor binds to the active site, competing directly with the substrate.
What is glucose? How many carbons does it have?
The simplest six-carbon monosaccharide
What is maternal inheritance?
Both sons and daughters inherit their mitochondria from their mother.
Function of mRNA?
The main function of mRNA is to act as a messenger, carrying genetic instructions from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm to build proteins.