Renal & Acid–Base Physiology
What is renin? What does it do?
Hint: Study the RAAS!!!
This hormone is released when renal perfusion pressure drops.
This lung sound, not peripheral edema or a bounding pulse, is the most concerning sign of fluid overload.
What are crackles?
This noninvasive tool measures hemoglobin oxygen saturation.
What is pulse oximetry?
This anemia develops in chronic kidney disease due to low erythropoietin.
Know erythropoietin and erythropoiesis
What is chronic disease anemia?
Addison disease shows these abnormal lab results.
What are elevated ACTH, decreased aldosterone, and decreased cortisol?
Parasympathetic stimulation produces this GI effect.
Rest and digest!!
How.......??
What does angiotensin II do?
Raises blood pressure by vasoconstriction
The electrolyte most responsible for water movement across compartments.
What is sodium?
Retained secretions and obstruction can cause this collapse of alveoli.
What is atelectasis?
How do you prevent this? What is a complication of this??
This anemia results from bone marrow failure.
What is aplastic anemia?
TSH has this role.
What is stimulating the thyroid to produce T3 & T4?
GERD occurs due to dysfunction of this structure.
What is the lower esophageal sphincter?
The kidneys maintain acid–base balance primarily by excreting this ion and reabsorbing bicarbonate.
What is hydrogen (H⁺)?
Why would fluid leaves the vasculature?
Many reasons!
Leaky capillaries, low albumin, Osmosis...
A high-pitched whistling on expiration typical of asthma.
What are wheezes?
This inherited anemia involves hemoglobin S.
What is sickle cell anemia?
This is a common cause of Cushing’s disease.
What is glucocorticoid therapy?
Portal hypertension most commonly causes this.
HINT: What causes this???
What are distended abdominal veins and ascites?
What are more complications?
Hypoventilation increases CO₂ and causes this acid–base imbalance.
HINT: know all (4) acid base imbalances
What is respiratory acidosis?
Example of Isotonic Solution
Know the others....hypotonic and hypertonic
.9% Normal Saline
This COPD type is characterized by tripod positioning and dyspnea on exertion.
What is emphysema?
This anemia stems from insufficient iron.
What is iron-deficiency anemia?
Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia are known as these.
What are the three Ps of diabetes?
Peptic ulcers are caused from H. pylori...
Why???
What is mucosal damage....AND???
This system compensates first during metabolic acidosis.
This system compensates slower.
What is the respiratory system?
What is the renal system?
What are clinical manifestations of fluid volume overload?
Crackles, edema, tachycardia.. look at these!
This auscultatory finding is most indicative of a pneumothorax.
Absent breath sounds
This anemia results from B12 or folate deficiency.
HINT: know your anemias!
Cause, clinical manifestations, nursing considerations...
Pernicious anemia
Chronic hyperglycemia leads to this diabetic complication.
vision changes, neuropathy, nephropathy
Why....
Acute pancreatitis results from this enzyme-related process.
What is premature enzyme activation inside the pancreas?
and then leading to......