Single System Design
In a single-case design, this is the name for the phase during which you repeatedly measure the target behavior before starting any intervention.
What is the baseline phase?
When you start with a few participants and ask each of them to refer additional people to the study, you are using this sampling strategy.
What is snowball sampling?
A flexible, open-ended interview format that allows participants to tell their stories in their own words, often used to explore complex experiences, is called this type of interview.
What is an unstructured interview?
Among mean, median, and mode, this measure of central tendency is the only one that can be meaningfully used with purely nominal data.
What is the mode?
To compare the average depression scores of two different groups of clients—one receiving a new intervention and one receiving usual care—you would most likely use this statistical test.
What is an independent samples t-test?
Collecting more data points over time in a single-case design mainly strengthens this aspect of the study by helping rule out random fluctuations as the cause of change.
What is internal validity?
If you want to ensure that your sample includes a specific proportion of hospital staff in each job category (e.g., nurses, social workers, physicians) and you randomly select within each category, you are using this probability sampling method.
What is stratified random sampling?
In qualitative research, the point at which additional interviews or observations no longer yield new themes or insights is known by this term.
What is saturation?
A researcher records “highest degree earned” using categories such as “no high school diploma,” “high school diploma,” “some college,” “bachelor’s degree,” and “graduate degree.” This variable is measured at this level.
What is the ordinal level of measurement?
You measure caregivers’ burden before and after a 10-week support group using the same scale. To test whether the average burden score changed over time, you would use this type of t-test.
What is a paired t-test?
In a single-system design, the baseline should be long enough to show a stable pattern of behavior, but must be limited by these two practical considerations.
What are ethical constraints and feasibility?
A researcher is told to interview 100 people in a city, making sure that 30% are renters and 70% are homeowners, and simply approaches people in public places until those quotas are filled. This is an example of this nonprobability sampling method.
What is quota sampling?
A researcher observes a community program, codes the field notes, compares incidents across cases, and gradually builds a theoretical explanation grounded in the data. This approach is called this.
What is grounded theory?
A survey asks respondents to indicate their agreement with a statement on a 5-point scale from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree.” This type of response scale is typically treated as this level of measurement.
What is ordinal?
A researcher wants to know whether there is a relationship between race/ethnicity (categorized) and whether someone has ever used a particular service (yes/no). This statistical test is appropriate for examining the association between these two categorical variables.
What is chi-square?
In a multiple baseline across settings for one client, if behavior improves in each setting only after the intervention is introduced there, this alternative explanation is less likely to account for the change.
What is a history effect?
You have a list of 2,400 clients and want a systematic sample of 300. This number would be your sampling interval.
What is 8?
A researcher joins a community organizing group, participates in their meetings, and openly explains that they are there as a researcher. This role is referred to as this type of participant role.
What is participant-as-observer?
A variable records the number of therapy sessions attended, where 0 means no sessions and higher values indicate more sessions, and the differences between numbers are equal and meaningful. This is an example of this level of measurement.
What is ratio?
This type of error occurs when a researcher concludes that there is no effect or no relationship when, in reality, one does exist in the population.
What is a Type II error?
In an AB Single System Design, A refers to ___ and B refers to ___
What is Baseline and Intervention?
Compared with probability sampling, this is the main limitation of nonprobability sampling when you want to draw conclusions about an entire population.
What is limited generalizability, or the inability to estimate sampling error?
What are three key threats to the trustworthiness of qualitative research that are emphasized within the contemporary positivist paradigm?
What is reactivity, researcher biases, and respondent biases?
f every participant in a sample reports exactly the same score on a stress scale, the standard deviation will have this value, and we can conclude this about the variability of the scores.
What is 0, and there is no variability in the scores?
In a study, the group receiving a new social work intervention shows better outcomes than the comparison group, but the difference is not statistically significant at the chosen alpha level. What must the researcher conclude about the cause of these results?
What is that the observed difference could be due to sampling error, so we cannot conclude that the intervention was effective based on this test?