Energy and Matter
Identify the two products of photosynthesis that are required as reactants for cellular respiration.
Glucose and Oxygen
Name the three components that make up a single DNA nucleotide.
sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G)
Name the specific region of a gene where RNA Polymerase attaches to begin the process of transcription.
promoter region
During which specific phase of Interphase is the DNA replicated?
S phase (Synthesis)
Define the terms "Homozygous" and "Heterozygous."
Homozygous = two identical alleles (BB or bb); Heterozygous = two different alleles (Bb).
Which specific location in the chloroplast converts light energy into short-term chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)?
Thylakoid membranes (grana)
If a sample of Salmon DNA contains 21% Cytosine, calculate the percentage of Adenine present.
29%. (If C=21, then G=21. 21+21=42. 100-42=58. 58/2=29).
What type of mutation leads to a premature stop codon?
nonsense (point mutation)
Identify the three main checkpoints of the cell cycle.
G1 (Cell Growth), G2 (DNA Synthesis/Damage), and M (Mitosis).
If a mother is Type O and a father is Type AB, what are the possible blood types of their children?
Type A and Type B (50% each).
Explain how the highly folded internal membranes (cristae/thylakoids) facilitate ATP production
They increase surface area for the Electron Transport Chain and ATP synthase.
Identify the enzyme responsible for gluing together the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.
Ligase
In gel electrophoresis, why does DNA migrate toward the positive electrode, and which size fragments move the furthest?
DNA is negatively charged; the smaller fragments will move the furthest.
Explain the difference between proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes regarding cell division.
Proto-oncogenes stimulate division; tumor suppressor genes (like p53) halt division/repair DNA
Explain "Incomplete Dominance" using the example of a cross between a Red flower and a White flower.
The heterozygous phenotype is a blend (Pink).
Contrast the final electron acceptors in aerobic respiration versus anaerobic respiration in yeast.
aerobic- oxygen
anaerobic- ethyl alcohol
Contrast how DNA strands are separated in a living cell versus how they are separated during PCR.
In a cell, Helicase unzips it; in PCR, heat is used to break bonds.
Where does transcription and translation take place in the cell?
Transcription- inside the nucleus
Translation- at the ribosome in the cytoplasm
Define "Crossing Over" and identify the specific phase of Meiosis in which it occurs.
Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes; Prophase I.
On a pedigree, if two unaffected parents have an affected child, is the trait dominant or recessive? Explain.
Recessive; the parents must be carriers (heterozygous) to pass the trait without showing it.
Why does the rate of photosynthesis eventually plateau as light intensity or CO2 concentration increases?
The reaction becomes limited by other factors or reaches a maximum capacity.
Define "semiconservative replication".
Each new molecule has one old strand and one new strand
During transcription, which RNA nucleotide pairs with the DNA nucleotide Adenine?
Uracil
Contrast the behavior of a normal cell versus a cancer cell when they receive signals to halt division.
Normal cells halt division or initiate apoptosis; cancer cells ignore the signals and divide uncontrollably.
In X-linked recessive traits (like colorblindness), why are males more frequently affected than females?
Males only have one X chromosome, so they only need one copy of the recessive allele to show the trait