Islam &
the Caliphates
the Caliphates
Where, when, & by whom did Islam originate?
Arabian Peninsula (Mecca/Medina), 7th Century (610 CE), Muhammad
What was feudalism/manorialism?
Feudalism - the social structure in which pope is at the top, monarch is next, then lords, knights, and peasants.
Manorialism - is the economic system in which the Lord owns the land, the knight lives on it & protects the peasants, & the peasants work the land providing for the knights for protection & the lords for a place to live.
Name the 3 major trade routes of the time.
What was the Tang Dynasty known for?
Gunpowder, woodblock printing, mechanical clock
What are the 5 pillars of Islam?
Shahada - there is no god but Allah
Salah - Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca
Zakat - give alms to the poor
Sawm - fasting, especially during the holy month of Ramadan
Hajj - journey to Mecca & the Kaaba
What were some innovations made during the middle ages?
Gothic Architecture, Manorialism, Feudalism, Craft Guilds, Moldboard, Three Field System, Horse Collar & Shoes, Spectacles, Printing Press, Mills, Stern-mounted rudders, treadmill cranes, knight armor, longbow, blast furnaces, Garderobe
What were innovations/technology that developed from the trans-Saharan trade network?
the use of camels, camel saddles that gave merchants more control of the animal & allowed them to carry heavier loads,
What was the Song dynasty known for?
Neo-Confucianism, centralized govt (bureaucracy), revamp of the civil service exam so anyone can take it, commercial economy, champa rice, Grand Canal expansion, steel & iron production, textiles & porcelain, paper, compass, foot binding, Great Wall
How did Muslim rulers treat non-Muslim subjects?
Depends on the ruling power. Overall,
Second class citizens (dhimmi), who had to pay the jizya tax. Non-Muslim subjects could also be enslaved if rightfully captured in conflict.
What was the Black Plague & how did it impact Europe?
A disease that came from Asia and killed nearly half of Europe's population in the mid-1300s. Because so many people died, feudalism & manorialism was uprooted, the Church lost power as the clergy died & they could not stop the plague, monarchs gained more power, and a sense of cultural identity & nationalism emerged.
What were innovations made because of the Silk Roads?
Magnetic compass, stirrup, caravanserai, astrolabe
Why/how did Buddhism become popular in China?
Came along the Silk Road from India, at time when China was fractured and many were not doing so well. Suggested that everyone was equal and that suffering would come to an end through Enlightenment.
What is the difference between Sunni, Shia, & Sufi muslims, and which is the largest demographic?
Sunni believe that the next "caliph" should be chosen by the people. This is the largest sect of Islam.
Shia believe that the next "caliph" she be a descendent of Muhammad.
Sufi are the mystical branch who ties the culture of various places to the belief of Islam, and focuses on a personal relationship with Allah not focused on strict doctrine such as Sharia. This is the smallest sect.
What role did the Roman Catholic Church play in medieval Europe?
The RCC was responsible for providing for the poor (food, clothes, medicine, shelter, etc), the tending to their souls through religion, instructing the people of the Bible. This was typically done through tithes. The Church could also excommunicate people, interdict kingdoms, and seize property.
What were innovations made for the Indian Ocean Trade Route?
Lateen sail, junk ship, dhow ship, advancements to astrolabe.
Explain Neo-Confucianism & the tributary system.
Neo-Confucianism mixes Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism, suggesting that you can practice Buddhism by following the teachings of Confucius and following the Way.
Tributary system demanded that different tribes or territories to China had to pay China tribute for China's protection and/or support.
Explain the Islamic empires: Umayyads, Abbasids, Al-Andalus
Umayyads (661-750) - first major caliphate that pushed from southern Arabia into the Middle East, North Africa, & Asia.
Abbasids (750-1258) - more cosmopolitan administration that welcomed inclusivity and exploration of the cultures they conquered, ushering in the Islamic Golden Age.
Al-Andalus (711-1492) - Islamic conquered Iberian Peninsula (modern day Spain & Portugal). Advancements made in science, trade, & the arts with a blending of Christian, Jewish, & Islamic cultures, as well as European.
Which city collapsed, when did it collapse, and what were 2 major impacts it had?
Constantinople (Byzantine Empire) May 1453
Ottomans have a monopoly on trade to the East, making western Europe desperate to find an alternative to route, leading to the Age of Exploration & the discovery of the Americas.
Byzantine refugees flee to Italy, bringing old European culture & knowledge with them, sparking the beginning of the Renaissance in Europe.
Impact of the trade routes on South(east) Asia & Africa?
Open ended
What was Sinicization? How did it affect Japan, Vietnam and Korea?
Blending Chinese culture with other areas conquered or invaded by China.
Writing, govt, spread of Buddhism & Conf, architecture, lower of women's status.